THE PIRAEUS FROM 86 BC TO LATE ANTIQUITY: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN THE LANDSCAPE, FUNCTION AND ECONOMY OF THE PORT OF ROMAN ATHENS

2016 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 239-268
Author(s):  
Dimitris Grigoropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Urban Image ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
And Function ◽  
Material Evidence ◽  
Roman Ports

Modern perceptions of the ancient Piraeus have been monopolised by the urban image and function of the port as the naval stronghold of Classical Athens. Existing scholarship so far has tended to consider the post-Classical centuries, especially the era following the sack of the port in 86bcby the Romans, as a period of decline. Such preconceptions, based on largely superficial readings of a few ancient literary texts and a near-total disregard of the material evidence, have created a distorted image of the Piraeus and its significance in the Roman period. Drawing upon textual sources as well as archaeological evidence, this paper explores the changing nature of urban settlement, maritime functions and the economy of the port from the time of its destruction in 86bcto around the sixth centuryad. Particular emphasis is placed on a re-examination of the existing evidence from rescue excavations conducted by the Greek Archaeological Service as they relate to the topography of the Roman port and its long-term evolution. This combined study offers a more complex picture of the infrastructure, urban image and operational capability of the port during the Roman period than was hitherto possible. It also permits a more balanced understanding of the port's function at local, regional and provincial levels, and thus enables comparisons with other Roman ports in the Aegean and the rest of the Mediterranean.

Livestock plagues in late antiquity, with a disassembling of the bovine panzootic of A.D. 376-386

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 490-508
Author(s):  
Timothy P. Newfield
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Livestock Disease ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Roman Period ◽  
Material Evidence

The history of late-antique animal plagues requires a fresh start. Over the last 30 years, scholars have amassed copious quantities of written and material evidence for major shifts in the natural world experienced, or reported, as disasters in late antiquity. They have read textual passages more critically and interwoven written with physical data more meticulously than researchers before them. As a result, much more is known now about human plagues, climatic downturns and tectonic perturbations in the Late Roman period. Yet knowledge of late-antique livestock disease remains pretty much where animal health specialists left it in the 18th and 19th c. There are, to be sure, histories of late-antique animal plagues, but they are long out of date, unreliable and altogether of poor quality.

The Aghia Kyriaki, Melos survey: prospecting for the elusive earths in the Roman period in the Aegean

1999 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 377-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Photos-Jones ◽  
A. J. Hall ◽  
J. A. Atkinson ◽  
G. Tompsett ◽  
A. Cottier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Medieval Literature ◽  
Geothermal Field ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Industrial Minerals ◽  
Geological Surveys ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Material Evidence

The industrial minerals (IM) of antiquity, the ‘earths’ of the Classical sources, have for long eluded the archaeological record because of the limited material evidence they leave behind in the course of their extraction and processing. The extensive references in Classical and medieval literature and travellers' accounts have never previously been followed up by detailed surveys and by scientific analysis. In the course of April–May 1998 archaeological, topographic and geological surveys were carried out at the Roman site of Aghia Kyriaki, on the island of Melos, with the long term aim of putting the elusive ‘earths’ on the archaeological map of ancient industries. The present article outlines the work so far and highlights the complex factors that may contribute to the identification and characterisation of industrial minerals working in the absence of pyrotechnological waste. Furthermore, since IM processing requires a sustainable low temperature energy source, the hypothesis is put forward that Aghia Kyriaki may have been built on agriculturally inhospitable terrain mainly in order to take advantage of the area's still active geothermal field. If proven, this may constitute evidence for the first use of a ‘soft’ and environmentally friendly energy source during the Roman period in the Aegean.

Sanctuaries and cult places from the Roman conquest to Late Antiquity: a survey of recent work in Achaea, Epirus and the islands

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 ◽  
pp. 129-153
Author(s):  
Dimitris Grigoropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
The Past ◽  
Roman Greece ◽  
Archaeological Work ◽  
Tremendous Amount ◽  
And Function ◽  
Material Studies

This paper surveys archaeological work on Greek sanctuaries of the Roman period conducted over the past 20 years. Previously largely ignored or simply overlooked, in recent times the Roman phases of sanctuaries have seen a tremendous amount of excavation and research work, mirroring the increased interest in the archaeology of Roman Greece as a whole. In addition to brief presentatons of new and recent archaeological discoveries and material studies, this survey also aims to highlight the importance of current work based on the re-examination of sites excavated long ago and the contribution of various strands of archaeological evidence to an enhanced understanding of the history and function of Greek sanctuaries from the time of the Roman conquest to Late Antiquity.

Hagiography and Autobiography in the Late Antique West

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 41-50
Author(s):  
Peter Turner
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Late Antique ◽  
Person Perspective ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Third Person ◽  
Classic Essay ◽  
Third Person Perspective ◽  
And Function ◽  
Holy Man

Peter Brown’s classic essay of 1971, ‘The Rise and Function of the Holy Man in Late Antiquity’, is celebrated for applying the tools of sociology and anthropology to the study of late antique sanctity. It strove to remove holy men from the distorting literary texts through which we know them, and to place them instead in a rich context of everyday concerns. My starting point here, however, is not the essay itself but a no less interesting critique of it subsequently made by the author himself. In 1998, Brown offered a number of pieces of advice he would now give to a younger self embarking on the same topic. In 1971, he claimed, he had unwittingly colluded with the hagiographical texts by presenting holy men in dramatic, epic terms. Focusing on what holy men did for society, he had observed the phenomenon from a purely third-person perspective, and had neglected their own personal quest for sanctity. Although he had located the holy man’s activity in the everyday, he had effectively conceded that the ultimate locus of the holy man’s holiness — his superior understanding — was unknowable.

scholarly journals Underwater Surveys in Northern Menorca: Material Assemblages and Shipwrecks

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Scuba Diving ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Balearic Sea ◽  
Late Roman Period ◽  
Archaeological Analysis ◽  
Material Evidence

A plethora of archaeology currently resides unfound at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. Artifacts and material assemblages distributed throughout this sea serve as preserved time-capsules, representing a relatively underrepresented source of historical and archaeological analysis. This paper analyzes shipwrecks of the Balearic Sea along Menorca’s coastline to foreground the role that archaeology plays in reconstructing historical trade routes and ancient climatic during the late Roman period (4th – 7th CE). Implementation of this research occurred in the summer of 2016, using methodologies of underwater survey to investigate Menorcan shelf bathymetry and material evidence. Position fixing and visual search techniques formed the bulk of methodological fieldwork, principally completed underwater through scuba diving. Complementing this study and its framework is the use of materiality from the adjoining Roman sites of Sanisera and Port de Sanitja. Pairing material analysis of unearthed amphorae with geospatial study allows for a partial recreation of ancient maritime climates and sea conditions, as well as macroeconomic scenarios of Menorcan late antiquity. Such an investigation opens up untouched and unobserved histories.

The Experience of Poetry

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Attridge
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Cultural Practice ◽  
Oral Traditions ◽  
English Renaissance ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

The question this book addresses is whether, in addition to its other roles, poetry—or a cultural practice we now call poetry—has, across the two-and-a-half millennia from the composition of the Homeric epics to the publication of Ben Jonson’s Works and the death of Shakespeare in 1616, continuously afforded the pleasurable experience we identify with the crafting of language into memorable and moving rhythmic forms. Parts I and II examine the evidence for the performance of the Iliad and the Odyssey and of Ancient Greek lyric poetry, the impact of the invention of writing on Alexandrian verse, the performances of poetry that characterized Ancient Rome, and the private and public venues for poetic experience in Late Antiquity. Part III deals with medieval verse, exploring the oral traditions that spread across Europe in the vernacular languages, the importance of manuscript transmission, the shift from roll to codex and from papyrus to parchment, and the changing audiences for poetry. Part IV explores the achievements of the English Renaissance, from the manuscript verse of Henry VIII’s court to the anthologies and collections of the late Elizabethan period. Among the topics considered in this part are the advent of print, the experience of the solitary reader, the continuing significance of manuscript circulation, the presence of poet figures in pageants and progresses, and the appearance of poets on the Elizabethan stage. Tracking both continuity and change, the book offers a history of what, over these twenty-five centuries, it has meant to enjoy a poem.

The Reception of Ancient Egypt and Its Script in Renaissance Europe

2020 ◽  
pp. 192-204
Author(s):  
Lucie Jirásková
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Successful Attempt ◽  
Symbolic Approach

The chapter focuses on the perception of ancient Egypt and its culture through the eyes of Renaissance scholars and humanists. They could have known ancient Egypt from personal experience, including travels to Egypt or visits to Egyptian monuments that had been brought to Italy in the Roman period. The hieroglyphic script engraved into obelisks became a source of inspiration for the emblematics, but in fact never led to any successful attempt to decipher the ancient script. The symbolic approach to hieroglyphs was also supported by the philosophical trend of the time, Hermetism. It was a “construct” of Late Antiquity, resurrected and elaborated by Renaissance humanists, who were able to apply it to various branches of Renaissance science.

scholarly journals Climate Mobility and Development Cooperation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Stojanov ◽  
Sarah Rosengaertner ◽  
Alex de Sherbinin ◽  
Raphael Nawrotzki
Keyword(s):  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Climate Impacts ◽  
Development Cooperation ◽  
Climate Variability And Change ◽  
Policy Frameworks ◽  
And Migration ◽  
And Function ◽  
Role And Function

AbstractDevelopment cooperation actors have been addressing climate change as a cross-cutting issue and investing in climate adaptation projects since the early 2000s. More recently, as concern has risen about the potential impacts of climate variability and change on human mobility, development cooperation actors have begun to design projects that intentionally address the drivers of migration, including climate impacts on livelihoods. However, to date, we know little about the development cooperation’s role and function in responding to climate related mobility and migration. As such, the main aim of this paper is to outline the policy frameworks and approaches shaping development cooperation actors’ engagement and to identify areas for further exploration and investment. First, we frame the concept of climate mobility and migration and discuss some applicable policy frameworks that govern the issue from various perspectives; secondly, we review the toolbox of approaches that development cooperation actors bring to climate mobility; and third, we discuss the implications of the current Covid-19 pandemic and identify avenues for the way forward. We conclude that ensuring safe and orderly mobility and the decent reception and long-term inclusion of migrants and displaced persons under conditions of more severe climate hazards, and in the context of rising nationalism and xenophobia, poses significant challenges. Integrated approaches across multiple policy sectors and levels of governance are needed. In addition to resources, development cooperation actors can bring data to help empower the most affected communities and regions and leverage their convening power to foster more coordinated approaches within and across countries.

scholarly journals Shoulder arthroplasty for juvenile idiopathic arthritis

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 230949901989061
Author(s):  
Suroosh Madanipour ◽  
Aditya Prinja ◽  
Marcus Lee ◽  
Abbas Rashid
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis ◽  
Shoulder Arthroplasty ◽  
Preoperative Evaluation ◽  
Implant Design ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Post Operative Pain ◽  
Inflammatory Arthropathy ◽  
Long Term Follow Up ◽  
And Function

There is limited literature to guide shoulder surgeons in the management of juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). We aim to help clinicians to formulate an approach to the surgical management of the condition through a review of the available literature on arthroplasty in JIA, general considerations when operating on patients with inflammatory arthropathy and recommendations based on the authors’ experience. Four articles report formal data on arthroplasty in JIA with favourable improvements in post-operative pain and function scores after the long-term follow-up. Significant heterogeneity in treatment and a lack of standardisation in quantitative outcomes highlights the need for further larger scale and higher quality research. The aim of this study is to review the evidence and provide information on preoperative evaluation of surgical candidates, operative techniques, choice of implant design and to evaluate functional outcomes in patients who undergo shoulder arthroplasty.

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