The Aghia Kyriaki, Melos survey: prospecting for the elusive earths in the Roman period in the Aegean

1999 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
pp. 377-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Photos-Jones ◽  
A. J. Hall ◽  
J. A. Atkinson ◽  
G. Tompsett ◽  
A. Cottier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Medieval Literature ◽  
Geothermal Field ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Industrial Minerals ◽  
Geological Surveys ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Material Evidence

The industrial minerals (IM) of antiquity, the ‘earths’ of the Classical sources, have for long eluded the archaeological record because of the limited material evidence they leave behind in the course of their extraction and processing. The extensive references in Classical and medieval literature and travellers' accounts have never previously been followed up by detailed surveys and by scientific analysis. In the course of April–May 1998 archaeological, topographic and geological surveys were carried out at the Roman site of Aghia Kyriaki, on the island of Melos, with the long term aim of putting the elusive ‘earths’ on the archaeological map of ancient industries. The present article outlines the work so far and highlights the complex factors that may contribute to the identification and characterisation of industrial minerals working in the absence of pyrotechnological waste. Furthermore, since IM processing requires a sustainable low temperature energy source, the hypothesis is put forward that Aghia Kyriaki may have been built on agriculturally inhospitable terrain mainly in order to take advantage of the area's still active geothermal field. If proven, this may constitute evidence for the first use of a ‘soft’ and environmentally friendly energy source during the Roman period in the Aegean.

THE PIRAEUS FROM 86 BC TO LATE ANTIQUITY: CONTINUITY AND CHANGE IN THE LANDSCAPE, FUNCTION AND ECONOMY OF THE PORT OF ROMAN ATHENS

2016 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 239-268
Author(s):  
Dimitris Grigoropoulos
Keyword(s):  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Continuity And Change ◽  
Urban Image ◽  
Complex Picture ◽  
And Function ◽  
Material Evidence ◽  
Roman Ports

Modern perceptions of the ancient Piraeus have been monopolised by the urban image and function of the port as the naval stronghold of Classical Athens. Existing scholarship so far has tended to consider the post-Classical centuries, especially the era following the sack of the port in 86bcby the Romans, as a period of decline. Such preconceptions, based on largely superficial readings of a few ancient literary texts and a near-total disregard of the material evidence, have created a distorted image of the Piraeus and its significance in the Roman period. Drawing upon textual sources as well as archaeological evidence, this paper explores the changing nature of urban settlement, maritime functions and the economy of the port from the time of its destruction in 86bcto around the sixth centuryad. Particular emphasis is placed on a re-examination of the existing evidence from rescue excavations conducted by the Greek Archaeological Service as they relate to the topography of the Roman port and its long-term evolution. This combined study offers a more complex picture of the infrastructure, urban image and operational capability of the port during the Roman period than was hitherto possible. It also permits a more balanced understanding of the port's function at local, regional and provincial levels, and thus enables comparisons with other Roman ports in the Aegean and the rest of the Mediterranean.

A model for the origin of Al-rich efflorescences near fumaroles, Melos, Greece: enhanced weathering in a geothermal setting

2003 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Hall ◽  
A. E. Fallick ◽  
V. Perdikatsis ◽  
E. Photos-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Sulphuric Acid ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Geothermal Gradient ◽  
Geothermal Field ◽  
Roman Period ◽  
Arid Climate ◽  
Industrial Minerals ◽  
Acid Sulphate ◽  
Fumarole Activity ◽  
High Geothermal Gradient

Efflorescences in the geothermal field of SE Melos, Greece, contain significant amounts of hydrated Al sulphate, alunogen, which could represent the Melian alumen exploited in Roman times and commended by Pliny. The efflorescences at subaerial fumaroles are explained as follows: Sulphur crystallizes on oxidation of H2S emanating from depth. Weathering produces sulphuric acid enhancing groundwater alteration of volcanic rocks. The high geothermal gradient and arid climate stimulate efflorescences. Salts are recycled during wet and dry weather leading to Al-enrichment on loss of Fe(II,III) and other cations. δ34S‰ V-CDT values for sulphur in fumarole sublimates, solfatara soils and ‘veins’ range from —0.3 to 6.4‰, mean 3.8‰ (n = 8) while Al, Ca and Mg-sulphates in diverse settings range from —4.1 to 6.8‰ (n = 16). The values for sulphur indicate that the initial H2S had an igneous source and the signature is largely inherited by the sulphates.This study aims to underpin research into the exploitation of industrial minerals in the Roman period. When searching for early alumen workings, areas with evidence of acid sulphate alteration (white rocks) and sulphurous fumarole activity should be investigated.

Application of the method of mathematical modeling for forecasting channel deformations at the underwater crossing of the main pipeline

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 599-609
Author(s):  
Valery А. Gruzdev ◽  
◽  
Georgy V. Mosolov ◽  
Ekaterina A. Sabayda ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Roughness Coefficient ◽  
Computational Domain ◽  
Channel Deformations ◽  
Geological Surveys ◽  
Kuban River ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Protective Structures

In order to determine the possibility of using the method of mathematical modeling for making long-term forecasts of channel deformations of trunk line underwater crossing (TLUC) through water obstacles, a methodology for performing and analyzing the results of mathematical modeling of channel deformations in the TLUC zone across the Kuban River is considered. Within the framework of the work, the following tasks were solved: 1) the format and composition of the initial data necessary for mathematical modeling were determined; 2) the procedure for assigning the boundaries of the computational domain of the model was considered, the computational domain was broken down into the computational grid, the zoning of the computational domain was performed by the value of the roughness coefficient; 3) the analysis of the results of modeling the water flow was carried out without taking the bottom deformations into account, as well as modeling the bottom deformations, the specifics of the verification and calibration calculations were determined to build a reliable mathematical model; 4) considered the possibility of using the method of mathematical modeling to check the stability of the bottom in the area of TLUC in the presence of man-made dumping or protective structure. It has been established that modeling the flow hydraulics and structure of currents, making short-term forecasts of local high-altitude reshaping of the bottom, determining the tendencies of erosion and accumulation of sediments upstream and downstream of protective structures are applicable for predicting channel deformations in the zone of the TLUC. In all these cases, it is mandatory to have materials from engineering-hydro-meteorological and engineering-geological surveys in an amount sufficient to compile a reliable mathematical model.

Defining the Environment

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cymie R. Payne
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Fundamental Aspect ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Jus Post Bellum ◽  
Complex Concept ◽  
Scientific Analysis ◽  
Environmental Integrity ◽  
Healthy Functioning

The principle of ‘environmental integrity’ is a fundamental aspect of jus post bellum. Human life, economy, and culture depend on a healthy, functioning environment. However, environmental integrity is a complex concept to describe. Doctrinal thresholds for legally material environmental damage (significant, long-term, widespread) do not capture it. This chapter interrogates the jus post bellum literature and then turns to scholarship on wilderness management in the Anthropocene era, which also engages with the meaning of ‘environmental integrity’, ‘naturalness’, ‘unimpaired’, or, in the words of the Factory at Chorzów case which sets the international law standard for reparations of damage, ‘the situation which would, in all probability, have existed if that act had not been committed’. Recognition that pristine or historical conditions are often impossible to recover or maintain leads to the legal, ethical, and scientific analysis of evolving environmental norms that this chapter offers.

Has fructose a place in the diabetic diet?

1980 ◽  
Vol 18 (17) ◽  
pp. 67-68
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Diabetic Complications ◽  
Artificial Sweeteners ◽  
Diabetic Diet ◽  
Commercial Process

Since fructose is an energy source and is not a sugar involved in diabetes, it was suggested about 40 years ago that it might be a useful alternative to glucose. Interest in the question1–3 has been revived by development of a commercial process for making fructose from starch, by the recognition that artificial sweeteners are potentially hazardous, and by a new awareness that control of blood glucose is necessary to prevent long-term diabetic complications.4

Material Evidence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen L. Dyson
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Ancient Rome ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Roman Society ◽  
Freed Slaves ◽  
The Life Course ◽  
Material Evidence ◽  
Shed Light

Slaves were central to every aspect of Roman society. However¸ they are difficult to identify in the archaeological record. Most were genetically similar to the free population. Unlike slaves in the American ante-bellum South they did not have distinctive residential systems and foodways that can be differentiated archaeologically from those of free persons. Structures related to slavery like market buildings or slave barracks are not easily identified. In contrast, freed slaves, common in ancient Rome are very visible, especially in mortuary monuments. This chapter surveys the extent to which material evidence can shed light on various aspects of the life course of slaves, from enslavement through slave life, to death or manumission.

scholarly journals Food resources in the economy and ritual practices of the Northern Mesopotamia population during the transition to the Neolithic

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 167-177
Author(s):  
Tatiana Vladimirovna Kornienko
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Central Zone ◽  
Plant Cultivation ◽  
Economic Strategies ◽  
Fertile Crescent ◽  
Material Evidence ◽  
Ritual Practices

The ultimate establishment of the agricultural economy in the central zone of the Fertile Crescent took place in the late Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPNB), while the heyday of symbolism, establishing complex social relations among the population of Northern Mesopotamia occur in the era of the early Pre-Pottery Neolithic (PPNA). In this period, the domestication of any plant species is not yet registered in South-Eastern Anatolia (an area where the long-term intertribal cult center of Gbekli Tepe was found) unlike the neighboring Levant. The paper discusses possible models for the producing economy establishment in the region, analyzes materials suggesting that the ritual practices of the transition period to the Neolithic in some cases could contribute to the emergence and new economic strategies spread on the territory of Northern Mesopotamia. At the same time, the comparison of the climatic changes scientific studies results, archeobotanical and archaeozoological collections and material evidence of the development of social and spiritual life from Epipaleolithic and early Neolithic monuments of Northern Mesopotamia shows the coevolution/mutual influence of people and the surrounding natural environment. In our opinion, on the basis of the available data it is impossible to assert the primacy of the symbol revolution in the process of Neolithization in relation to early attempts at plant cultivation.

scholarly journals AMPK and vacuole-associated Atg14p orchestrate μ-lipophagy for energy production and long-term survival under glucose starvation

eLife ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold Y Seo ◽  
Pick-Wei Lau ◽  
Daniel Feliciano ◽  
Prabuddha Sengupta ◽  
Mark A Le Gros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Source ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Yeast Cells ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Glucose Starvation ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Long Term Survival ◽  
Glucose Depletion

Dietary restriction increases the longevity of many organisms, but the cell signaling and organellar mechanisms underlying this capability are unclear. We demonstrate that to permit long-term survival in response to sudden glucose depletion, yeast cells activate lipid-droplet (LD) consumption through micro-lipophagy (µ-lipophagy), in which fat is metabolized as an alternative energy source. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation triggered this pathway, which required Atg14p. More gradual glucose starvation, amino acid deprivation or rapamycin did not trigger µ-lipophagy and failed to provide the needed substitute energy source for long-term survival. During acute glucose restriction, activated AMPK was stabilized from degradation and interacted with Atg14p. This prompted Atg14p redistribution from ER exit sites onto liquid-ordered vacuole membrane domains, initiating µ-lipophagy. Our findings that activated AMPK and Atg14p are required to orchestrate µ-lipophagy for energy production in starved cells is relevant for studies on aging and evolutionary survival strategies of different organisms.

scholarly journals The Moreton Regional Archaeological Project (MRAP) stage II: an outline of objectives and methods

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 4-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hall ◽  
Peter Hiscock
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Stage I ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Archaeological Record ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Regional Project ◽  
Archaeological Project ◽  
The University

The Moreton Region Archaeological Project (MRAP) was initiated as a long-term multi-stage regional project which sought to coordinate archaeological investigations being undertaken in S.E. Queensland. Since the project officially began in 1977 (see Hall 1980a), it has been successful in directing and integrating the work of numerous researchers, most of whom were students at the University of Queensland. MRAP is designed as a flexible research program comprised of three areal components (subcoastal zone, coastal zone and offshore island zone) and a number of stages. Stage I sought to identify the archaeological record of the study area and, through excavation and surface collection of materials from selected sites in all zones, develop a regional chronology and to identify patterns and questions relevant to the reconstruction of past settlement-subsistence patterns. This work was satisfactorily completed in 1987 and Stage II research, which essentially concerns the delineation and explanation of perceived changes in the region's archaeological record, has now been initiated. Thus, this paper, after setting the stage with a description of the environment and ethnohistory of the study area, summarizes the results of Stage I research and follows with a discussion of the objectives, methods, questions and approaches relevant to Stage II.

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