scholarly journals V.–Distribution of the Cells in the Intermedio-Lateral Tract of the Spinal Cord

1906 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Central Canal ◽  
Substantia Gelatinosa ◽  
Lateral Margin ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Dorsal Region ◽  
Lateral Column ◽  
Upper Cervical ◽  
Lateral Tract

The term intermedio-lateral tract was introduced in 1859 (Phil. Trans., 1859, p. 445) by Lockhart Clarke to designate a tract or column of nerve cells in the spinal cord, which he had previously described in 1851 (Phil. Trans., 1851, ii. p. 613) as occupying that portion of the lateral margin of the grey matter which is intermediate between the anterior and posterior cornua. According to Clarke's original account, the column in question was very transparent in appearance, and resembled somewhat the substantia gelatinosa of the posterior horn. It was found in the upper part of the lumbar enlargement, extended upwards through the dorsal region, where it distinctly increased in size, to the lower part of the cervical enlargement. Here it disappeared almost entirely. In the upper cervical region it was again seen, and could be traced upwards into the medulla oblongata, where, in the space immediately behind the central canal, it blended with its fellow of the opposite side. In the more complete account of the tract published in 1859 (p. 446), its component cells are described as in part oval, fusiform, pyriform, or triangular, and as being smaller and more uniform in size than those of the anterior cornua. In the mid-dorsal region, where they are least numerous, they are found only near the lateral margin of the grey matter, with the exception of some cells which lie among the white fibres beyond the margin of the grey substance. In the upper dorsal region the tract is larger, and not only projects further outwards into the lateral column of the white fibres, but also tapers inwards across the grey substance, almost to the front of Clarke's column. In the cervical enlargement it gradually disappears, although it seems to contain, in part at least, a few scattered cells resembling those of the intermedio-lateral tract of the dorsal region. In the upper cervical region, as already stated, it is again seen occupying a lateral horn similar to that found in the dorsal region. It is composed of the same kind of cells, and can be followed up into the medulla, where it is said to give origin to some of the fibres of the vagus and the spinal accessory.

1. German Retrospect

1884 ◽  
Vol 30 (131) ◽  
pp. 437-451
Author(s):  
William W. Ireland
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Branching Processes ◽  
Central Canal ◽  
Substantia Gelatinosa ◽  
Perivascular Spaces ◽  
Pia Mater ◽  
Lymphatic Gland ◽  
Frame Work ◽  
Large Vessels

Dr. Gierke, of Breslau, has, in two articles in the “Neurologisches Centralblatt” (Numbers 16 and 17, 1883), given the results of special researches on the neuroglia. He accuses Deiters, Boll, Golgi, and Jastrowitz of making incorrect descriptions, and of mistaking the results of their own reagents and dyes for natural structures. Gierki promises to publish his researches at greater length with illustrations, which are highly necessary in the description of delicate tissues. In the meantime he gives a number of details which could only be fairly reproduced by translating his papers. The neuroglia is the supporting tissue or frame-work of the nervous centres. It forms one-third of the substance of the grey matter, and its cells throw out branching processes which, taking the shape of flattened fibres, form sheaths for the nerve tubes. These never lie against one another, as Boll imagined. The cells of the neuroglia in the spinal cord of the sheep have a diameter of from 0·005 to 0·008 mm., and their processes are sometimes as long as from 0·4 to 0·2 mm. The neuroglia is everywhere, save at a part of the medulla oblongata, where the nerve tubes of the stratum zonale Arnoldi crowd upon one another, and lie directly under the pia mater. In other places, as in the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi, the neuroglia prevails, and there are few nerve elements. In contradiction to those who hold that the perivascular spaces may be owing to retraction of the dead tissues or contraction of vessels, Dr. Gierke maintains that there is not the slightest doubt that the perivascular spaces exist in the living brain. They are of varying calibre, and their strongly developed cellular ramifications are analogous to the sinuses in the lymphatic gland. In some places, as in the central canal of the spinal cord, he has found the large vessels surrounded by perivascular canals, which he has traced into real lymphatics.

The Development of Pneumostrongylus tenuis in the Central Nervous System of White-tailed Deer

1965 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 360-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roy C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Medulla Oblongata ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Central Canal ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Parasite Relationship ◽  
Central Nervous Systems ◽  
The Central Nervous System

The central nervous systems of five fawns (Odocoileus virginianus borealis), infected experimentally with Pneumostrongylus tenuis, were studied histologically 10, 20, 25, 30, and 40 days after infection. In the 10–30 day fawns young developing worms were found in dorsal horns of the grey matter of all regions of the spinal cord. A few worms were found in white matter and in the medulla oblongata. In the fawn autopsied 40 days after infection all but one of about 25 worms found were in the subdural space. Worms in the grey matter usually lay in cell-free tunnels surrounded by compressed neural tissue. There was little reaction of, or cellular infiltration in, surrounding tissue. Malacia was absent in all parts of grey matter. The central canal was normal and the brain, other than the medulla oblongata, was not involved. In the white matter, scattered single myelin sheath degeneration as well as degeneration and disappearance of axis cylinders were common. Occasionally there were tiny malacic areas in white matter, especially near worms. Infiltrations of eosinophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells were commonly observed in and on the dura mater, the epineurium, ganglion capsules, and other tissues of the epidural space. The relative dearth of histopathologic findings helps to explain the rarity and slightness of neurologic signs in infected fawns and is indicative perhaps of a long and well established host-parasite relationship. This is in contrast to the situation in moose (Alces a. americana) where severe traumatic damage to the spinal cord by P. tenuis is associated with ataxia and paralysis.

scholarly journals A modified peroxidase--antiperoxidase procedure for improved localization of tissue antigens: localization of substance P in rat spinal cord.

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
L L Vacca ◽  
S J Abrahams ◽  
N E Naftchi
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Substance P ◽  
Afferent Fiber ◽  
Central Canal ◽  
Ventral Horn ◽  
Substantia Gelatinosa ◽  
Fiber Bundles ◽  
Rat Spinal Cord ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Ph Buffer

A procedure is presented which modifies the Sternberger peroxidase--antiperoxidase (PAP) technique in order to visualize additional amounts of immunodeposits representing the antigen substance (SP) in 5-micrometer paraffin tissue sections of rat spinal cord. For increased sensitivity, the new procedure utilizes a "double bridge" and diaminobenzidine in low pH buffer. The modifications have made possible the visualization of immunoreactive beaded processes and punctate bodies, which were then traced to determine patterns of SP circuitry. Using the modified PAP procedure, the greatest number of immunoreactive processes appeared in the dorsal horn, where some punctate bodies and varicose processes could be seen adjacent to the myelinated afferent fiber bundles that penetrate the substantia gelatinosa as dorsal root collaterals. Additional immunoreactive processes and punctate bodies coursed through the myelinated afferent fiber bundles that penetrate the dorsolateral white matter, and extend into the intermediolateral gray region. Substance P was also identified within immunoreactive processes found in Rexed's laminae V and VI, as well as the central canal region, the dorsal gray commissure, and the ventral gray and white commissures. Since the modifications improved the visualization of SP-containing processes in sparsely populated regions of the spinal cord, especially the ventral horn, they may be useful in demonstrating other antigens that normally occur in small quantities within tissues.

scholarly journals Grey matter involvement by focal cervical spinal cord lesions is associated with progressive multiple sclerosis

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 910-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Kearney ◽  
Katherine A Miszkiel ◽  
Marios C Yiannakas ◽  
Daniel R Altmann ◽  
Olga Ciccarelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Cord Lesion ◽  
Cervical Cord ◽  
Focal Lesions ◽  
Lateral Column ◽  
Cord Lesion

Background: The in vivo relationship of spinal cord lesion features with clinical course and function in multiple sclerosis (MS) is poorly defined. Objective: The objective of this paper is to investigate the associations of spinal cord lesion features on MRI with MS subgroup and disability. Methods: We recruited 120 people: 25 clinically isolated syndrome, 35 relapsing–remitting (RR), 30 secondary progressive (SP), and 30 primary progressive (PP) MS. Disability was measured using the Expanded Disability Status Scale. We performed 3T axial cervical cord MRI, using 3D-fast-field-echo and phase-sensitive-inversion-recovery sequences. Both focal lesions and diffuse abnormalities were recorded. Focal lesions were classified according to the number of white matter (WM) columns involved and whether they extended to grey matter (GM). Results: The proportion of patients with focal lesions involving at least two WM columns and extending to GM was higher in SPMS than in RRMS ( p = 0.03) and PPMS ( p = 0.015). Diffuse abnormalities were more common in both PPMS and SPMS, compared with RRMS (OR 6.1 ( p = 0.002) and 5.7 ( p = 0.003), respectively). The number of lesions per patient involving both the lateral column and extending to GM was independently associated with disability ( p < 0.001). Conclusions: More extensive focal cord lesions, extension of lesions to GM, and diffuse abnormalities are associated with progressive MS and disability.

Intramedullary mature teratoma of the cervical spinal cord at C1–2 associated with occult spinal dysraphism in an adult

2007 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 579-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raafat Makary ◽  
David Wolfson ◽  
Victor Dasilva ◽  
Amir Mohammadi ◽  
Sania Shuja
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Spinal Dysraphism ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Mature Teratoma ◽  
Postoperative Outcome ◽  
Complete Removal ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Upper Cervical ◽  
Spinal Malformations

✓There is a well-recognized association between dysontogenetic tumors of the spinal cord (including teratomas and enterogenous cysts) and dysraphic congenital spinal malformations. The authors present a case of an adult with an intramedullary mature teratoma (IMMT) at the level of C1–2 of the cord associated with dysraphic congenital spinal malformations. Intramedullary mature teratomas of the cervical region of the spinal cord are very rare in adults; only four such lesions have been reported, two of which involved upper cervical segments. Despite the potentially critical location of the tumor, monitored microsurgery resulted in complete removal of the tumor with an intact surrounding capsule, associated fibrous tract, and ellipse of skin with a central dimple. There was an excellent postoperative neurological outcome. The clinical features, imaging studies, treatment options, postoperative outcome, and plausible pathological correlations of IMMTs are discussed.

scholarly journals Case Reports of the Spinal Cord Tumor in the Upper Cervical Region

1977 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-67
Author(s):  
S. Nitta ◽  
S. Hattori ◽  
M. Oyama ◽  
T. Isobe ◽  
T. Kochiyama
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Spinal Cord Tumor ◽  
Cervical Region ◽  
Upper Cervical

scholarly journals The Segmental Morphometric Properties of the Horse Cervical Spinal Cord: A Study of Cadaver

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadullah Bahar ◽  
Durmus Bolat ◽  
Muhammet Lutfi Selcuk
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Canal ◽  
Ventral Horn ◽  
Morphometric Features ◽  
Volume Measurements ◽  
Area And Volume

Although the cervical spinal cord (CSC) of the horse has particular importance in diseases of CNS, there is very little information about its segmental morphometry. The objective of the present study was to determine the morphometric features of the CSC segments in the horse and possible relationships among the morphometric features. The segmented CSC from five mature animals was used. Length, weight, diameter, and volume measurements of the segments were performed macroscopically. Lengths and diameters of segments were measured histologically, and area and volume measurements were performed using stereological methods. The length, weight, and volume of the CSC were61.6±3.2 cm,107.2±10.4 g, and95.5±8.3 cm3, respectively. The length of the segments was increased fromC1toC3, while it decreased fromC3toC8. The gross section (GS), white matter (WM), grey matter (GM), dorsal horn (DH), and ventral horn (VH) had the largest cross-section areas atC8. The highest volume was found for the total segment and WM atC4, GM, DH, and VH atC7, and the central canal (CC) atC3. The data obtained not only contribute to the knowledge of the normal anatomy of the CSC but may also provide reference data for veterinary pathologists and clinicians.

scholarly journals II. On out-lying nerve-cells in the mammalian spinal-cord

1890 ◽  
Vol 181 ◽  
pp. 33-48 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Nerve Roots ◽  
Lateral Column ◽  
Axis Cylinder ◽  
Central Grey Matter ◽  
Ventral Roots

To describe the ganglion-cells of the Mammalian spinal cord as confined to the grey substance of the cord is not quite strictly correct. Beisso was the first to draw attention to the fact, that apart from axis-cylinder processes which pass into the ventral roots from cells of the ventral cornu, there project also from those cells of the cornu which lie next the white column other branches to mingle with the fibres of the bundles of the ventral nerve-roots. The ganglion-cells of the grey matter often, by one or more of their processes, jut partially into the white matter. The descriptions of Beisso, Pick, and Schiefferdecker have further shown that in certain situations in the anterior and lateral columns, ganglion-cells lie outside the grey substance in the surrounding white matter. Since Gaskell, in 1885, drew attention to the ganglion-cells in the cord of Alligator, lying at the periphery of the antero-lateral column, and, of course, quite removed from the central grey matter, I have often searched in the cord of the Mammalia for evidence of similarly situated cells; always, however, without success. The search has, however, persuaded me that isolated ganglion-cells are no infrequent constituents of the white columns. The cords examined by me have been chiefly those of Man, the Monkey (Bonnet, Jew, and Rhesus), and the Dog. A number of sections have also been prepared from the Cat, Lion, Calf, Bat, Mouse, Rabbit, and Guinea-pig. The out-lying ganglion-cells in the white matter may conveniently be considered in three sections, according as their situation is within the anterior (ventral), the lateral, or the posterior (dorsal) white column respectively.

scholarly journals Association of iron rim lesions with brain and cervical cord volume in relapsing multiple sclerosis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia E. Weber ◽  
Julia Krämer ◽  
Matthias Wittayer ◽  
Johannes Gregori ◽  
Sigurd Randoll ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Cervical Cord ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Upper Cervical ◽  
Cortical Grey Matter ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis Patients ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord

Abstract Objectives In multiple sclerosis (MS), iron rim lesions (IRLs) are indicators of chronic low-grade inflammation and ongoing tissue destruction. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship of IRLs with clinical measures and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers, in particular brain and cervical cord volume. Methods Clinical and MRI parameters from 102 relapsing MS patients (no relapses for at least 6 months, no contrast-enhancing lesions) were included; follow-up data obtained after 12 months was available in 49 patients. IRLs were identified on susceptibility-weighted images (SWIs). In addition to standard brain and spinal cord MRI parameters, normalised cross-sectional area (nCSA) of the upper cervical cord was calculated. Results Thirty-eight patients had at least one IRL on SWI MRI. At baseline, patients with IRLs had higher EDSS scores, higher lesion loads (brain and spinal cord), and lower cortical grey matter volumes and a lower nCSA. At follow-up, brain atrophy rates were higher in patients with IRLs. IRLs correlated spatially with T1-hypointense lesions. Conclusions Relapsing MS patients with IRLs showed more aggressive MRI disease characteristics in both the cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Key Points • Multiple sclerosis patients with iron rim lesions had higher EDSS scores, higher brain and spinal cord lesion loads, lower cortical grey matter volumes, and a lower normalised cross-sectional area of the upper cervical spinal cord. • Iron rim lesions are a new lesion descriptor obtained from susceptibility-weighted MRI. Our data suggests that further exploration of this lesion characteristic in regard to a poorer prognosis in multiple sclerosis patients is warranted.

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