Comment: Energy Accounting: The Case of Farm Machinery in Maryland

1981 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-157
Author(s):  
Garnett L. Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Heating System ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Energy Accounting ◽  
Energy Ratios ◽  
Oil Embargo ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Industrial Heating ◽  
Orderly State

Prior to the 1970s, energy accounting was the primary domain of physical scientists or engineers. The world of thermodynamics, rigorous concepts of energy ratios and entropy, seemed safe within their laboratories where, for example, the relative energy efficiency of solid and liquid fuels was assessed for powering an industrial heating system. This apparent orderly state of affairs—measurement primarily in controlled laboratory conditions—seemed to change abruptly in 1973 with the OPEC oil embargo. Energy accounting became the chore, if not the mission, of a myriad of scientists, engineers, businessmen, bureaucrats, and politicians. Understandably, the journals and other periodicals of our profession now abound with proposals on how to measure energy and how to employ these measures in making decisions and developing government policies.

scholarly journals Industrial heating system creating given temperature distribution

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilona Iatcheva ◽  
Ilonka Lilianova ◽  
Hristophor Tahrilov ◽  
Rumena Stancheva
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Induction Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Field Analysis ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Optimization Task ◽  
Surface Method ◽  
Nonlinear Transient ◽  
Industrial Heating ◽  
Induction Heating System

The aim of the work is precise coupled electromagnetic-temperature field analysis using the finite element method of an induction heating system and creation of adequate field models at chosen control points. The obtained models have been applied in an optimization task, concerning special requirements for temperature distribution in the heated detail. The field analysis problem was solved as nonlinear, transient and axisymmetrical. The field models used in the optimization problem were based on the Response surface method and Design of experiment. The presented example refers to a real induction heating system. Heated details after plastic deformation and hardening are used for producing farm instruments.

scholarly journals An Electromagnetic Time-Reversal Imaging Algorithm for Moisture Detection in Polymer Foam in an Industrial Microwave Drying System

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 7409
Author(s):  
Adel Omrani ◽  
Rahul Yadav ◽  
Guido Link ◽  
Timo Lähivaara ◽  
Marko Vauhkonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Green’S Function ◽  
Green's Function ◽  
Time Reversal ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Microwave Drying ◽  
Single Frequency ◽  
Polymer Foam ◽  
Multilayered Media ◽  
Array Configuration ◽  
Industrial Heating

Microwave tomography (MWT) based control is a novel idea in industrial heating systems for drying polymer foam. In this work, an X-band MWT module is designed and developed using a fixed antenna array configuration and integrated with the HEPHAISTOS industrial heating system. A decomposition of the time-reversal operator (DORT) algorithm with a proper Green’s function of multilayered media is utilized to localize the moisture location. The derived Green’s function can be applied to the media with low or high contrast layers. It is shown that the time-reversal imaging (TRI) with the proposed Green’s function can be applied to the multilayered media with a moderately rough surface. Moreover, a single frequency TRI is proposed to decrease the measurement time. Numerical results for different moisture scenarios are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. The developed method is then tested on the experimental data for different moisture scenarios from our developed MWT experimental prototype. Image reconstruction results show promising capabilities of the TRI algorithm in estimating the moisture location in the polymer foam.

scholarly journals To Maximize Heating Performance of Solar Parabolic Trough Collector by Geometrical Variation Using CFD Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Kripa Shankar Pathak ◽  
Ravindra Mohan
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Waste Heat ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Parabolic Trough ◽  
Parabolic Trough Collector ◽  
History Of ◽  
Solar Powered ◽  
Industrial Heating

The potential of renewable energy should be investigated. Renewable energy is the energy from natural and unnatural available forms including wind, biomass, solar, and waste heat energy generated through various human activities. Solar energy is an available and clean form of renewable energy used as an alternative to fossil fuel in generating energy. However, the maximum extraction of thermal energy from the sun is most challenging. This study focuses on energy generation using the parabolic trough collector (PTC). This review contains geometrical analysis including the thermal approach of the PTC model, heat transfer, and method of enhancing thermal efficiency on the PTC receiver. So to identify the performance analysis, thermal efficiency, and applications of the solar-powered PTC and the history of PTC evolution. The PTC applications include desalination process, air heating system, power plants, refrigeration, and industrial heating purposes.  

Microscopic versus process parameters in heavy-oil upgrading

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 366-367
Author(s):  
V.A. Munoz ◽  
R.J. Mikula ◽  
C. Payette ◽  
W.W. Lam
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Heavy Oils ◽  
Synthetic Fuels ◽  
High Hydrogen ◽  
Optical Texture ◽  
Polar Groups ◽  
Anisotropic Character ◽  
Planar Molecules

The transformation of high molecular weight components present in heavy oils into useable liquid fuels requires their decomposition by means of a variety of processes. The low molecular weight species produced recombine under controlled conditions to generate synthetic fuels. However, an important fraction undergo further recombination into higher molecular weight components, leading to the formation of coke. The optical texture of the coke can be related to its originating components. Those with high sulfur and oxygen content tend to produce cokes with small optical texture or fine mosaic, whereas compounds with relatively high hydrogen content are likely to produce large optical texture or domains. In addition, the structure of the parent chemical components, planar or nonplanar, determines the isotropic or anisotropic character of the coke. Planar molecules have a tendency to align in an approximately parallel arrangement to initiate the formation of the nematic mesophase leading to the formation of anisotropic coke. Nonplanar highly alkylated compounds and/or those rich in polar groups form isotropic coke. The aliphatic branches produce steric hindrance to alignment, whereas the polar groups participate in cross-linking reactions.

The Possibilities for Analytical Methods in Photoemission and Low-Energy Electron Microscopy

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 348-349
Author(s):  
Ernst Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Emission Angle ◽  
Relative Energy ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Chemical Information ◽  
Magnetic Lens ◽  
Incident Intensity ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Leed Pattern ◽  
Image Position

One of the major shortcomings of conventional PEEM and of LEEM is the lack of chemical information about the surface. Although the imaging of the LEED pattern in the back focal plane of the objective lens of a LEEM instrument allows chemical characterization via the crystalline structure derived from the LEED pattern, this method fails in the absence of a characteristic LEED pattern. Direct information about the atomic composition of the surface is then needed which can be best obtained from inner shell electrons either directly by x-ray-induced photoemission (XPEEM) or by x-ray- or electron-induced Auger electron emission (AEEM). These modes of excitation and imaging can be combined with conventional PEEM and LEEM in one instrument which is presently being developed. Thus a complete structural and chemical characterization becomes possible in one instrument, with parallel detection and high resolution.In contrast to LEEM, in which up to more than 50% of the incident intensity is available for image formation, the intensity of the emitted electrons is much lower in XPEEM and AEEM and the signal is much lower than the background in AEEM. Therefore, intensity I and resolution d have to be optimized simultaneously which is best done by maximizing Q = I/d2 with respect to maximum emission angle α and relative energy distribution ε = ΔVo/V accepted by the instrument. For a well-designed magnetic lens section of the cathode lens its aberrations are determined by the accelerating field F in front of the specimen. For a homogeneous accelerating field F and a cosine emission distribution one obtains for the optimum α and ε values αo,εo a radius of the minimum disc of confusion of

The Need for a Broad-Based Model of Phonological Disorders

1992 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan G. Kamhi
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Phonological Disorders ◽  
Production Processes ◽  
Assessment And Treatment ◽  
Speech Delays ◽  
Explanatory Adequacy ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Assessment Procedures ◽  
Treatment Procedures

My response to Fey’s article (1985; reprinted 1992, this issue) focuses on the confusion caused by the application of simplistic phonological definitions and models to the assessment and treatment of children with speech delays. In addition to having no explanatory adequacy, such definitions/models lead either to assessment and treatment procedures that are similarly focused or to procedures that have no clear logical ties to the models with which they supposedly are linked. Narrowly focused models and definitions also usually include no mention of speech production processes. Bemoaning this state of affairs, I attempt to show why it is important for clinicians to embrace broad-based models of phonological disorders that have some explanatory value. Such models are consistent with assessment procedures that are comprehensive in nature and treatment procedures that focus on linguistic, as well as motoric, aspects of speech.

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