Survivorship analysis of Paleozoic Crinoidea: effect of filter morphology on evolutionary rates

Paleobiology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomasz K. Baumiller
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Rates ◽  
Survivorship Analysis ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Fine Mesh ◽  
Coarse Filter ◽  
Fine Filter ◽  
Budget Equation ◽  
Stratigraphic Ranges ◽  
Particulate Nutrients ◽  
Ecological Differences

The evolutionary rates of Paleozoic Crinoidea were obtained using dynamic survivorship analysis. The stratigraphic ranges of 838 genera were used in the analyses, revealing a mean generic duration of 12.0 m.y. and a mean species duration of 6.7 m.y., values within the range of longevities reported for other taxa.Further analyses showed differences in evolutionary rates among crinoid taxa: camerate species and genera were shorter-lived than species and genera of flexibles and inadunates. This pattern may result from ecological differences among these taxa: an energy budget equation solved for crinoids with various filter morphologies revealed that crinoids with fine-mesh filters require higher current velocities to supply them with sufficient particulate nutrients than do crinoids with coarse-mesh filters. A hypothesis stipulating that these differences control the distribution of crinoids among different environments is supported by patterns of occurrence of Mississippian crinoids: the pinnulate camerates (fine filter) dominate higher energy settings while the non-pinnulate inadunates and flexibles (coarse filter) are found in all environments. The “specialized” pinnulate crinoids may therefore be more prone to speciation and extinction than the non-pinnulate “generalists,” thus accounting for the observed differences in the evolutionary rates of the three subclasses.The above hypothesis was tested by comparing evolutionary rates of two morphological groups: fine-filtered crinoids (camerates) and coarse-filtered crinoids (non-pinnulate Paleozoic crinoids). As predicted, fine-filtered taxa had higher extinction and origination rates. A “bootstrapping” technique revealed that the differences in extinction rates were significant at the p < 0.10 level.

scholarly journals The energetics of passive suspension feeding: ecological and evolutionary consequences for crinoids

1992 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 20-20
Author(s):  
Tomasz K. Baumiller
Keyword(s):  
Current Velocity ◽  
Behavioral Flexibility ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Evolutionary Rates ◽  
Energy Deficit ◽  
Passive Suspension ◽  
Energy Expenditures ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Evolutionary Innovation ◽  
Particulate Nutrients

Do organismal characteristics influence evolutionary histories of taxa? This important question has been answered in the affirmative for a variety of organisms, and here it is applied to the echinoderm class Crinoidea. The approach used in answering this question involves (1) identifying a relevant trait through functional analysis, (2) demonstrating its ecological significance, and (3) testing the hypothesis that the ecological characteristics affect evolutionary rates.Crinoids, like all passive suspension feeders, depend on externally driven flows to supply them with necessary particulate nutrients. Particles are captured with feeding appendages which function as filters. Filters act as obstacles to the flow and their morphology influences how much fluid can be filtered at a given current velocity: fine filters, because of their higher resistance to flow, sample less fluid and fewer potential food items than coarse filters. This suggests that filter morphology may be important in controlling the distributions of crinoids among different environments: at low current velocities fine-filtered crinoids may not capture sufficient particulate nutrients to satisfy their energy needs.To quantify the effect of filter morphology on particulate nutrient capture, an energy budget equation was solved for two crinoid morphologies representing the fine (pinnulate) and coarse (non-pinnulate) filters. In this equation, energy inputs in the form of captured and metabolized nutrients had to exceed energy expenditures, expressed as the standard metabolic rate. The solution of the equation showed that the current velocity below which crinoids are at an energy deficit is higher for the fine-filtered (pinnulate) than the coarse-filtered (non-pinnulate) taxa.The higher minimum velocity of fine-filtered crinoids restricts them to environments with higher current velocities; coarse-filtered taxa are less constrained and may occupy a broader range of environments. This pattern is borne out by the distribution of Mississippian crinoids studied by Kammer and Ausich (1987). With regard to current velocities, the fine-filtered crinoids may be described as “specialists” and the coarse-filtered crinoids as “generalists”. The specialist/generalist strategies of the two groups suggest an evolutionary scenario in which the fine-filtered crinoids are more prone to speciation and extinction.To test the above scenario the evolutionary rates of two morphological groups, fine-filtered crinoids (camerates) and coarse-filtered crinoids (non-pinnulate Paleozoic crinoids), were compared. As predicted, the former group had higher extinction and origination rates. A “bootstrapping” technique revealed that the differences in extinction rates were statistically significant (P < 0.05).The filter morphology-evolutionary rate scenario, however, fails to predict the durations of two other fine-filtered (pinnulate) crinoid groups: the Paleozoic cladids and their descendants, the post-Paleozoic articulates. Though fine-filtered, these taxa had broad environmental distributions and the lowest extinction rates among the Crinoidea. They are also the only crinoids with muscular arm articulations. This “evolutionary innovation”, by allowing a greater degree of morphological and behavioral flexibility, allowed these crinoids to occupy a broader range of environments and may in part explain their “anomalous” evolutionary rates.

Diversity and evolutionary rates of Cambro-Ordovician nautiloids

Paleobiology ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rex E. Crick
Keyword(s):  
North American ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Evolutionary Rates ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Frequency Distributions ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
Stratigraphic Ranges

The history of diversity, origination and extinction of Cambro-Ordovician nautiloid cephalopods is explored to determine if differences in evolutionary rates between nautiloid orders are sufficient to document significantly high or low rates of evolutionary turnover (taxotely of Raup and Marshall 1980). The stratigraphic ranges of 425 nautiloid genera are analyzed for this purpose.Evolutionary rates for five of the seven time intervals analyzed fall within frequency distributions of rates which are thought to be characteristic for a given time interval (horotelic distribution of Simpson 1944). Sufficient heterogeneity is present among extinction rates of Arenigian orders and origination rates of Caradocian orders to reject the null hypotheses of horotely in favor of taxotely. The orders Ellesmerocerida and Tarphycerida, each with a significantly high rate of extinction (P ≥ 0.99), and the Actinocerida, with a significantly low rate of extinction (P ≥ 0.99), were responsible for taxotely during the Arenigian. The Oncocerida and Discosorida, each with a significantly high rate of origination (P ≥ 0.99), were responsible for taxotely during the Caradocian. In each case, taxotely is attributable to the influence of North American endemics. This effect is believed to be more the result of real biological aspects of nautiloid evolution than an artifact of the fossil record.

Inferring temporal patterns of preservation, origination, and extinction from taxonomic survivorship analysis

Paleobiology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 602-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Foote
Keyword(s):  
Simulated Data ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Marine Animals ◽  
Survivorship Analysis ◽  
Occurrence Data ◽  
Apparent Variation ◽  
Stratigraphic Ranges ◽  
Extinction Events ◽  
Preliminary Application ◽  
Preservation Rate

Apparent variation in rates of origination and extinction reflects the true temporal pattern of taxonomic rates as well as the distorting effects of incomplete and variable preservation, effects that are themselves exacerbated by true variation in taxonomic rates. Here I present an approach that can undo these distortions and thus permit estimates of true taxonomic rates, while providing estimates of preservation in the process. Standard survivorship probabilities are modified to incorporate variable taxonomic rates and rates of fossil recovery. Time series of these rates are explored by numerical optimization until the set of rates that best explains the observed data is found. If internal occurrences within stratigraphic ranges are available, or if temporal patterns of fossil recovery can otherwise be assumed, these constraints can be exploited, but they are by no means necessary. In its most general form, the approach requires no data other than first and last appearances. When tested against simulated data, the method is able to recover temporal patterns in rates of origination, extinction, and preservation. With empirical data, it yields estimates of preservation rate that agree with those obtained independently by tabulating internal occurrences within stratigraphic ranges. Moreover, when empirical occurrence data are artificially degraded, the method detects the resulting gaps in sampling and corrects taxonomic rates. Preliminary application to data on Paleozoic marine animals suggests that some features of the apparent record, such as the forward smearing of true origination events and the backward smearing of true extinction events, can be detected and corrected. Other features, such as the end-Ordovician extinction, may be fairly accurate at face value.

Fossil preservation and the stratigraphic ranges of taxa

Paleobiology ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Foote ◽  
David M. Raup
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Evolutionary Rates ◽  
Extinction Rate ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Original Distribution ◽  
Lower Ordovician ◽  
Stratigraphic Ranges ◽  
Fossil Preservation ◽  
Rule Out

The incompleteness of the fossil record hinders the inference of evolutionary rates and patterns. Here, we derive relationships among true taxonomic durations, preservation probability, and observed taxonomic ranges. We use these relationships to estimate original distributions of taxonomic durations, preservation probability, and completeness (proportion of taxa preserved), given only the observed ranges. No data on occurrences within the ranges of taxa are required. When preservation is random and the original distribution of durations is exponential, the inference of durations, preservability, and completeness is exact. However, reasonable approximations are possible given non-exponential duration distributions and temporal and taxonomic variation in preservability. Thus, the approaches we describe have great potential in studies of taphonomy, evolutionary rates and patterns, and genealogy.Analyses of Upper Cambrian-Lower Ordovician trilobite species, Paleozoic crinoid genera, Jurassic bivalve species, and Cenozoic mammal species yield the following results: (1) The preservation probability inferred from stratigraphic ranges alone agrees with that inferred from the analysis of stratigraphic gaps when data on the latter are available. (2) Whereas median durations based on simple tabulations of observed ranges are biased by stratigraphic resolution, our estimates of median duration, extinction rate, and completeness are not biased. (3) The shorter geologic ranges of mammalian species relative to those of bivalves cannot be attributed to a difference in preservation potential. However, we cannot rule out the contribution of taxonomic practice to this difference. (4) In the groups studied, completeness (proportion of species [trilobites, bivalves, mammals] or genera [crinoids] preserved) ranges from 60% to 90%. The higher estimates of completeness at smaller geographic scales support previous suggestions that the incompleteness of the fossil record reflects loss of fossiliferous rock more than failure of species to enter the fossil record in the first place.

Survivorship in the Bivalvia: comparing living and extinct genera and families

Paleobiology ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 370-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman L. Gilinsky
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Small Proportion ◽  
Survivorship Analysis ◽  
Survivorship Curve ◽  
Fundamental Causes ◽  
Invertebrate Paleontology ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Stratigraphic Ranges ◽  
Disproportionate Number ◽  
George Gaylord Simpson

George Gaylord Simpson was one of the first paleontologists to apply survivorship analysis to the study of fossil taxa. His finding that the survivorship curve for extant bivalve genera plotted above that for extinct genera led him to conclude that bivalve genera are drawn from at least two distinct distributions of longevities, and formed the fundamental basis for his influential concepts of horotelic and bradytelic evolutionary rates. Survivorship curves presented in this paper show the same pattern of disjunct survivorship in genera from the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology and in families from Sepkoski's compendium.Some of the observed differences between survivorship curves are artificial, occurring because long-lived genera and families are more likely to survive to the Recent than short-lived genera and families. The living fauna thus contains a disproportionate number of long-lived genera and families, and the survivorship curve for the living fauna is expected to lie above that for the extinct fauna for this reason alone—even if all longevities are drawn from the same distribution. Recognition of this bias led Raup (1975) to question the significance of the survivorship patterns presented by Van Valen (1973), and Stanley's (1984) acceptance of Raup's argument led him to dismiss the survivorship pattern discovered by Simpson. But statistical analysis using bootstrapping shows that this bias accounts for only a small proportion of the difference between survivorship curves. Other biases considered, such as “pull of the Recent,” “asymmetrical range truncation,” and erroneous concatenation of stratigraphic ranges, do not account for the pattern either. Although still other biases, as yet unknown, cannot definitively be ruled out, it appears that the longevities of extinct and living bivalve taxa are meaningfully different, and that the fundamental causes are biological.

Evolution and the fossil record: patterns, rates, and processes

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 1053-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip D. Gingerich
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Evolutionary Rates ◽  
Short Intervals ◽  
Evolutionary Diversification ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Local Areas ◽  
Climatic Cooling ◽  
Intensive Sampling ◽  
Underlying Processes ◽  
Morphological Innovation

Mammals have an unusually good Cenozoic fossil record providing evidence of their evolutionary diversification. We view this record in hindsight, which biases our perception in many ways. Overall worldwide diversity appears to increase exponentially through time, while intensive sampling in local areas indicates that modern levels of diversity were achieved early in the Cenozoic. The evident significance of Pleistocene extinctions depends critically on how extinction rates are quantified. Our taxonomic hierarchy probably reflects the number of major faunal turnovers a group has survived rather than declining intensity of successive turnovers. Morphological innovation and taxonomic diversification appear following intervals of climatic cooling, suggesting that major features of evolution are extrinsically controlled. Favorable stratigraphic settings yield detailed records of gradual anagenesis and cladogenesis in mammals, with intermediates present as evidence of transition. The apparent dichotomy between high evolutionary rates measured by neontologists over short intervals of time and low evolutionary rates measured by paleontologists over long intervals of time disappears when rates are measured on intermediate scales of time. Microevolution and macroevolution are manifestations of common underlying processes expressed on different time scales.

Taxonomic survivorship curves and Van Valen's Law

Paleobiology ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 82-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Raup
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Extinction Rate ◽  
Survivorship Analysis ◽  
Survivorship Curve ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Higher Taxa ◽  
Total Life ◽  
Adaptive Zone

As Van Valen has demonstrated, the taxonomic survivorship curve is a valuable means of investigating extinction rates in the fossil record. He suggested that within an adaptive zone, related taxa display stochastically constant and equal extinction rates. Such a condition is evidenced by straight survivorship curves for species and higher taxa. Van Valen's methods of survivorship analysis can be improved upon and several suggestions are presented. With proper manipulation of data, it is possible to pool the information from extinct and living taxa to produce a single survivorship curve and therefore a single estimate of extinction rate. If extinction rate is constant at the species level (producing a straight survivorship curve), higher taxa in the same group should be expected to have convex survivorship curves. The constancy of extinction rates (here termed Van Valen's Law) can and should be tested rigorously. Several methods are available, of which the Total Life method of Epstein is particularly effective.

scholarly journals The evolutionary dynamics of the early Palaeozoic marine biodiversity accumulation

2019 ◽  
Vol 286 (1909) ◽  
pp. 20191634 ◽  
Author(s):  
Björn Kröger ◽  
Franziska Franeck ◽  
Christian M. Ø. Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Marine Ecosystems ◽  
Evolutionary Rates ◽  
Marine Biodiversity ◽  
Ecosystem Resilience ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Late Cambrian ◽  
Early Palaeozoic

The early Palaeozoic Era records the initial biodiversification of the Phanerozoic. The increase in biodiversity involved drastic changes in taxon longevity, and in rates of origination and extinction. Here, we calculate these variables in unprecedented temporal resolution. We find that highly volatile origination and extinction rates are associated with short genus longevities during the Cambrian Period. During the Ordovician and Silurian periods, evolutionary rates were less volatile and genera persisted for increasingly longer intervals. The 90%-genus life expectancy doubled from 5 Myr in the late Cambrian to more than 10 Myr in the Ordovician–Silurian periods. Intervals with widespread ecosystem disruption are associated with short genus longevities during the Cambrian and with exceptionally high longevities during the Ordovician and Silurian periods. The post-Cambrian increase in persistence of genera, therefore, indicates an elevated ability of the changing early Palaeozoic marine ecosystems to sustainably maintain existing genera. This is evidence of a new level of ecosystem resilience which evolved during the Ordovician Period.

Extinction selectivity and ecology of Neogene Caribbean reef corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth G. Johnson ◽  
Ann F. Budd ◽  
Thomas A. Stemann
Keyword(s):  
Colony Size ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Evolutionary Rates ◽  
Population Increase ◽  
Caribbean Region ◽  
Faunal Turnover ◽  
Caribbean Reef ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Ecological Variables ◽  
Reef Communities

We analyze a new compilation of Neogene to Recent (22-0 Ma) Caribbean coral occurrences to determine how ecological and life history traits at the population level affect long-term evolutionary patterns. The compilation consists of occurrences of 175 species and 49 genera in one continuous (> 5 m.y.) sequence and 22 scattered sites across the Caribbean region. Previous study of evolutionary rates using these data has shown that both extinction and origination were accelerated between 4 and 1 Ma, resulting in large-scale faunal turnover. Categories for three morphological and two reproductive variables (colony size, colony shape, and corallite size; and sex, and mode of embryonic development; respectively) are assigned to each species in the compilation. Comparisons of the ecological variables with evolutionary rates using randomization procedures and modified analysis of variance show that only colony size was strongly related to rates of extinction and origination during either normal background times or times of accelerated extinction. Extinction rates were lower in species with large colonies, because species with small massive colonies tend to live in small, short-lived populations with highly fluctuating recruitment rates. During turnover, extinction rates increased disproportionately in species with small colonies. Origination rates are found to be less related to ecological variables, although species with small massive colonies originated at higher rates prior to turnover.Accelerated turnover may have therefore involved an increase in local population extinction rates that caused increased rates of both species extinction and origination across the entire fauna. Since extinction rates accelerated disproportionately with respect to colony size, the overall result was a relative increase in species with large colonies. After severe disturbance, one might expect that populations of species with large colonies and high rates of fragmentation would be more likely to escape extinction, because of larger population sizes, longer generation times, and more constant rates of population increase. The modern Caribbean reef-coral fauna is therefore structured by large, long-lived colonies that are robust to regional environmental change. Many of the very taxa that allowed reef communities to escape collapse in the past are declining today in response to anthropogenic disturbances, suggesting that Caribbean reef communities may be less resilient in the future in response to ongoing environmental perturbations.

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