Legal Consequences of Disposable Dialyzer Reuse

1982 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Scott G. Hallquist
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Strict Liability ◽  
Legal Liability ◽  
Dialysis Patients ◽  
Statutory Law ◽  
Legal Consequences

AbstractThis Article discusses potential legal liability for adverse effects resulting from reuse of disposable hemodialysis equipment. After explaining the dialysis process and the health risks involved with the reuse of dialyzers, the Article outlines possible theories of recovery for injured dialysis patients. The Article describes the possibility of recovery under a negligence theory against either the treating physician or the institutional provider, and includes a discussion of applicable statutory law. The remainder of the Article discusses possible recovery under the theory of strict liability.

Correlation Between Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Dose and Inflammatory Status in Dialysed Patients

2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 354-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrei Niculae ◽  
Cristiana David ◽  
Razvan Florin Ion Dragomirescu ◽  
Ileana Peride ◽  
Flavia Liliana Turcu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Recombinant Human Erythropoietin ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Chronic Dialysis ◽  
Dialysis Patients ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Human Erythropoietin ◽  
Inflammatory Status

Once recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) was introduced in daily practice, huge steps were made in combating the adverse effects induced by anemia in chronic kidney disease population. Still, r-HuEPO resistance and the doses ensuring the maximum therapeutic benefit remain matters of debate. The aim of our study was to assess the correlation between the presence and the degree of inflammation and the r-HuEPO requirements in chronic dialysis patients. We conducted a 2 years prospective study on 146 patients undergoing chronic dialysis treated with r-HuEPO. Based on their average CRP (C-reactive protein) levels, obtained from repeated samplings at 3 months interval, 3 groups were formed; we noted in each group the average values of r-HuEPO prescribed to achieve the optimum hemoglobin levels according to the dialysis best practice guidelines and all the adverse effects of the therapy. A direct correlation was observed between CRP levels and r-HuEPO requirements in the first 2 groups of patients (CRP under 6 mg/L and CRP values 6-20 mg/L), with significant increase in r-HuEPO doses between groups (p [ 0.001); the third group, CRP values over 20 mg/dL, showed a minor, insignificant increase in average r-HuEPO doses compared to mild inflammation group (p = 0.199) and more adverse effects of the therapy (p [ 0.05). Inflammation is an important determinant of anemia in chronic dialysis patients and can induce an increase in the doses of r-HuEPO. However, prescribing excessive r-HuEPO doses is not the answer in severe inflammatory status, due to lack of response and possible adverse effects.

Cola Beverages: Clinical Uses versus Adverse Effects

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-139
Author(s):  
Ehsan T. Moghaddam ◽  
Ali Tafazoli
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Feeding Tube ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Pubmed Database ◽  
Excessive Consumption ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Medical Articles

Background: Excessive consumption of cola beverages is accompanied by numerous public health risks. But besides these well-known adverse effects, recently, several medical articles have been published that show some indications for cola beverages in clinical practice like resolution of gastrointestinal or feeding tube obstructions, increasing bioavailability and palatability of other medications, rehydration and other uses in healthcare settings. These approaches are not without shortcomings and complications. Methods: In this systematic review we tried to explore these new uses for practitioners and also reemphasize on the most evidence-based complications of cola consumption like bone loss and metabolic and cardiovascular adverse effects in cases of misuse and overuse from both clinical and nutritional points of view via searching the PubMed database. Results: We chose 145 journal articles from the most relevant ones plus 30 extra references and categorized their topics in two classes of medical uses and adverse effects. Conclusion: It could be stated that cola beverages have demonstrated interesting uses and benefits in medicine but their use should be regulated as strict as possible.

Women's perceptions of the safety of the pill: a survey in eight developing countries

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary S. Grubb
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Family Planning ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Birth Defects ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Gallup Poll ◽  
The Us ◽  
Women’S Perceptions

SummaryIn January 1985, a Gallup poll sponsored by the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecologists reported that 76% of the US women sampled thought that there were substantial risks with using the pill, 31% thought the pill caused cancer and 64% thought the risk of childbearing was equal to or less than that in taking the pill. To assess the perceptions of the pill's safety internationally, a survey of 100–150 urban, middle-class women aged 18–45 years was conducted in each of eight countries in the developing world. There were striking similarities in perceptions of the pill's health effects between countries: (1) taking the pill is considered to have substantial health risks by 50–75% and is thought to be more hazardous than childbearing by over 40% of respondents except those in the African samples; (2) women who had used the pill are as unaware as those who had not of possible serious cardiovascular adverse effects; (3) the protective effects of the pill are virtually unknown; (4) the greatest inconsistency with scientific evidence concerns the risks of sterility and birth defects attributed to pill use. With information from this survey, family planning programmes can rectify almost universal misperceptions of the pill's safety when counselling new and continuing pill users.

scholarly journals Accumulation of As, Cd, and Pb in Sixteen Wheat Cultivars Grown in Contaminated Soils and Associated Health Risk Assessment

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 2601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guanghui Guo ◽  
Mei Lei ◽  
Yanwen Wang ◽  
Bo Song ◽  
Jun Yang
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Wheat Grains ◽  
Human Health Effects ◽  
Target Hazard Quotients

This study investigated the accumulation of As, Cd, and Pb in 16 wheat cultivars and the associated health risks for the inhabitants of Jiyuan, China. The results indicated that the concentrations of As, Cd, and Pb decreased in the order of root > leaf > stem > grain. The concentrations of As, Cd, and Pb in wheat grains varied from 0.13 for Pingan8 to 0.34 mg kg−1 for Zhengmai7698, 0.10 for Luomai26 to 0.25 mg kg−1 for Zhengmai7698, and 0.12 for Zhoumai207 to 0.42 mg kg−1 for Zhengmai379, respectively. There were significant differences in the bioaccumulation factors of As, Cd, and Pb among the 16 wheat cultivars. Cd was more readily accumulated to higher levels than As and Pb in wheat. The Target Hazard Quotients (THQs) of Cd and Pb in the grains from 16 wheat cultivars were below 1, while As THQ exceeded 1. The lowest detrimental human health effects via wheat consumption were found in cultivar AY58 among the 16 wheat cultivars, with total THQs (TTHQs) of 1.82 for children and 1.60 for adults, suggesting that children absorb more heavy metals than adults and they are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of these metals.

Teaching Students How to Write to Avoid Legal Liability

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 71-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Clark
Keyword(s):  
Legal Liability ◽  
Interesting Application ◽  
Legal Consequences

Business commmtmication often has significant legal consequences. Students thus need to learn how to avoid legal liability in their writing. Teaching such skills provides a practical and interesting application of key business commu nication principles and encourages students to improve their ability to analyze audiences by looking at the language of business messages "through the eyes of the prosecution."

Prudent Precaution in Clinical Trials of Nanomedicines

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 831-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary E. Marchant ◽  
Rachel A. Lindor
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Medical Technology ◽  
Health Benefits ◽  
Medical Products ◽  
Medical Technologies ◽  
Improve Health

Medical technologies, including nanomedicine products, are intended to improve health but in many cases may also create their own health risks. Medical products that create their own health risks differ from most other risk-creating technologies in that the very purpose of the medical technology is to prevent or treat health risks. This paradox of technologies intended to reduce existing risks that may have the effect of creating new risks has two conflicting implications. On one hand, we may be more tolerant of health risks from medical technologies because these products are intended to, and often (but not always) do, reduce overall health risks and improve our health. The health benefits of a medical technology may outweigh the unavoidable adverse effects of that same technology in an individual patient or in the overall treated population.

scholarly journals Oral Chronic Toxicity of the Safe Tetrodotoxin Dose Proposed by the European Food Safety Authority and Its Additive Effect with Saxitoxin

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 312
Author(s):  
Andrea Boente-Juncal ◽  
Paz Otero ◽  
Inés Rodríguez ◽  
Mercedes Camiña ◽  
Mercedes Rodriguez-Vieytes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Chronic Toxicity ◽  
European Food Safety Authority ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
Human Health Risks ◽  
Paralytic Shellfish

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a potent natural toxin causative of human food intoxications that shares its mechanism of action with the paralytic shellfish toxin saxitoxin (STX). Both toxins act as potent blockers of voltage-gated sodium channels. Although human intoxications by TTX were initially described in Japan, nowadays increasing concern about the regulation of this toxin in Europe has emerged due to its detection in fish and mollusks captured in European waters. Currently, TTX is only regularly monitored in Dutch fishery products. However, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has established a safety level of 44 µg/kg TTX as the amount of toxin that did not cause adverse effects in humans. This level was extrapolated considering initial data on its acute oral toxicity and EFSA remarked the need for chronic toxicity studies to further reduce the uncertainty of future toxin regulations. Thus, in this work, we evaluated the oral chronic toxicity of TTX using the safety levels initially recommended by EFSA in order to exclude potential human health risks associated with the worldwide expanding presence of TTX. Using internationally recommended guidelines for the assessment of oral chronic toxicity, the data provided here support the proposed safety level for TTX as low enough to prevent human adverse effects of TTX even after chronic daily exposure to the toxin. However, the combination of TTX with STX at doses above the maximal exposure level of 5.3 µg/kg body weight derived by EFSA increased the lethality of TTX, thus confirming that both TTX and paralytic shellfish toxins should be taken into account to assess human health risks.

Investors' Recovery Friction and Auditor Liability Rules

1999 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suresh Radhakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Strict Liability ◽  
Legal Liability ◽  
Liability Rules ◽  
Auditor Liability ◽  
Second Best ◽  
Contingent Fee ◽  
Litigation Cost

This paper examines investor welfare under two different liability regimes for holding auditors liable for investor losses, the due care and the strict liability regimes. In both regimes, the investor pays the expected legal liability cost to the auditor, and a portion of any subsequent damages awarded by the court is retained by the lawyer as a contingent fee, which is called the recovery friction. This study finds that the presence of the recovery friction leads to second-best efforts by the auditor and the manager. Investor welfare in the due care regime is higher than in the strict liability regime because the expected litigation cost for the investor is lower. Investor welfare is higher in the due care regime than in the strict liability regime even when audit effort in the due care regime is lower than audit effort in the strict liability regime.

scholarly journals Strict civil legal liability in civil law of the Russian Federation on the example of responsibility for inflicted moral distress

2020 ◽  
pp. 48-64
Author(s):  
Artemii Shleinov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Moral Distress ◽  
Strict Liability ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Legal Liability ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Entire History ◽  
The Russian Federation

The subject of this research is the examination of such civil law institution of the Russian Federation as the “no-fault liability”. Since the question of strict liability in the current doctrine of civil law is quite critical, the author views this problem through the prism of one of the paramount means of protection of the subjective civil law, namely through the prism of responsibility for inflicted moral distress, tracing its evolution throughout the entire history and considering the legislation and case law. The novelty consists in indicating the possibility of bringing to strict civil legal liability for inflicting moral distress. The author demonstrates the presence of strict legal liability within the civil law of the Russian Federation on the example of current Russian legislation. The article provides the doctrinal and legislative examples that prove this point of view. The novelty also consists in determination of presence of the principle of “strict liability: in the Russian civil law, as well as modeling of situations that this principle could be implemented in. The research results are valuable for future development of the Russian legal doctrine and case law.

Legal Liability for a Patient's Suicide

1986 ◽  
Vol 14 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 409-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth V. Swenson
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Therapeutic Relationship ◽  
Strict Liability ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
Legal Liability ◽  
Fiduciary Duty ◽  
Traditional Theory ◽  
Contract Breach

Lawsuits alleging psychotherapist liability for a patient's suicide have increased in number recently. Although the traditional theory of negligence is still popular, issues involving the standard of care and proof of causation are particularly difficult when one of the parties to the therapeutic relationship is not living. These problems have different implications when failure to prevent suicide is alleged than when a psychotherapist is said to have caused the suicide. In the latter, the presence of informed consent and assumption of the risk must be carefully evaluated as defenses. Alternative theoretical bases for these suits include implied contract, breach of fiduciary duty, and strict liability.

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