Common codes for situated interaction

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 883-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Cisek ◽  
John F. Kalaska
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Common Code ◽  
Sensory Predictions

A common code for integrating perceptions and actions was relevant for simple behavioral guidance well before the evolution of cognitive abilities. We review proposals that representation of to-be-produced events played important roles in early behavior, and evidence that the neural mechanisms supporting such rudimentary sensory predictions have been elaborated through evolution to support the cognitive codes addressed by TEC.

scholarly journals Dissections of Larval, Pupal and Adult Butterfly Brains for Immunostaining and Molecular Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Yi Peng Toh ◽  
Emilie Dion ◽  
Antónia Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Fruit Fly ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Bicyclus Anynana ◽  
Lepidopteran Species ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Olfactory Preferences ◽  
Adult Butterfly

Butterflies possess impressive cognitive abilities, and investigations into the neural mechanisms underlying these abilities are increasingly being conducted. Exploring butterfly neurobiology may require the isolation of larval, pupal, and/or adult brains for further molecular and histological experiments. This procedure has been largely described in the fruit fly, but a detailed description of butterfly brain dissections is still lacking. Here, we provide a detailed written and video protocol for the removal of Bicyclus anynana adult, pupal, and larval brains. This species is gradually becoming a popular model because it uses a large set of sensory modalities, displays plastic and hormonally controlled courtship behaviour, and learns visual mate preference and olfactory preferences that can be passed on to its offspring. The extracted brain can be used for downstream analyses, such as immunostaining, DNA or RNA extraction, and the procedure can be easily adapted to other lepidopteran species and life stages.

scholarly journals The Neurobiology of Autism Spectrum Disorder As It Relates to Twice Exceptionality

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Sharkey ◽  
Thomas Nickl-Jockschat
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Inflection Point ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Specific Interest ◽  
Twice Exceptional ◽  
Multiple Conditions

There is a long-standing association between exceptional cognitive abilities, of various sorts, and neuropsychiatric illness, but it has historically largely been investigated in an exploratory and non-systematic way. One group in which this association has been investigated with more rigor is in subjects who have been identified as twice exceptional; an educational term describing subjects who are both gifted and diagnosed with a neuropsychiatric disability. This term covers multiple conditions, but is of specific interest in particular in the study of autism spectrum disorder. Recent findings have led to the development of a hypothesis that a certain degree of the neurobiology associated with autism might even be advantageous for individuals and could lead to high giftedness, while becoming disadvantageous, once a certain threshold is surpassed. In this model, the same neurobiological mechanisms confer an increasing advantage up to a certain threshold, but become pathological past that point. Twice-exceptional individuals would be exactly at the inflection point, being highly gifted, but also symptomatic at the same time. Here, we review how existing neuroimaging literature on autism spectrum disorder can inform research on twice exceptionality specifically. We propose to study key neural networks with a robust implication in ASD to identify the neurobiology underlying twice-exceptionality. A better understanding of the neural mechanisms of twice exceptionality should help to better understand resilience and vulnerability to neurodevelopmental disorders and tofurther support affected individuals.

scholarly journals Using ecology to guide the study of cognitive and neural mechanisms of different aspects of spatial memory in food-hoarding animals

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1542) ◽  
pp. 883-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom V. Smulders ◽  
Kristy L. Gould ◽  
Lisa A. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Spatial Memory ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Scatter Hoarding ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
Complementary Approach ◽  
History Of

Understanding the survival value of behaviour does not tell us how the mechanisms that control this behaviour work. Nevertheless, understanding survival value can guide the study of these mechanisms. In this paper, we apply this principle to understanding the cognitive mechanisms that support cache retrieval in scatter-hoarding animals. We believe it is too simplistic to predict that all scatter-hoarding animals will outperform non-hoarding animals on all tests of spatial memory. Instead, we argue that we should look at the detailed ecology and natural history of each species. This understanding of natural history then allows us to make predictions about which aspects of spatial memory should be better in which species. We use the natural hoarding behaviour of the three best-studied groups of scatter-hoarding animals to make predictions about three aspects of their spatial memory: duration, capacity and spatial resolution, and we test these predictions against the existing literature. Having laid out how ecology and natural history can be used to predict detailed cognitive abilities, we then suggest using this approach to guide the study of the neural basis of these abilities. We believe that this complementary approach will reveal aspects of memory processing that would otherwise be difficult to discover.

scholarly journals Stable and dynamic representations of value in the prefrontal cortex

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Enel ◽  
Joni D Wallis ◽  
Erin L Rich
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Optimal Decision ◽  
Specific Manner ◽  
Valuation Task ◽  
Stimulus Value ◽  
Optimal Decision Making ◽  
Time Invariant

Optimal decision-making requires that stimulus-value associations are kept up to date by constantly comparing the expected value of a stimulus with its experienced outcome. To do this, value information must be held in mind when a stimulus and outcome are separated in time. However, little is known about the neural mechanisms of working memory (WM) for value. Contradicting theories have suggested WM requires either persistent or transient neuronal activity, with stable or dynamic representations, respectively. To test these hypotheses, we recorded neuronal activity in the orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortex of two monkeys performing a valuation task. We found that features of all hypotheses were simultaneously present in prefrontal activity, and no single hypothesis was exclusively supported. Instead, mixed dynamics supported robust, time invariant value representations while also encoding the information in a temporally specific manner. We suggest that this hybrid coding is a critical mechanism supporting flexible cognitive abilities.

Cognitive Based Distributed Sensing, Processing, and Communication

2011 ◽  
pp. 131-161
Author(s):  
Roman Ilin ◽  
Leonid Perlovsky
Keyword(s):  
Target Tracking ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Dynamic Logic ◽  
Neural Mechanisms ◽  
Distributed Sensing ◽  
Neural Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Basic Algorithm ◽  
Situation Recognition ◽  
The Mind

Perception, cognition, and higher cognitive abilities of the mind are considered here within a neural modeling fields (NMF) paradigm. Its fundamental mathematical mechanism is a process “from vague-fuzzy to crisp,” called dynamic logic. The chapter discusses why this paradigm is necessary mathematically, and relates it to a psychological description of the mind. Surprisingly, the process from “vague to crisp” corresponds to Aristotelian understanding of mental functioning. Recent fMRI measurements confirmed this process in neural mechanisms of perception. After an overview of NMF, the chapter describes solutions to two important problems: target tracking and situation recognition. Both problems can be solved within the NMF framework using the same basic algorithm. The chapter then discusses the challenges of using NMF and outlines the directions of future research.

Refining our understanding of the “elephant in the room”

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Whiten
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Technological Culture

Abstract The authors do the field of cultural evolution a service by exploring the role of non-social cognition in human cumulative technological culture, truly neglected in comparison with socio-cognitive abilities frequently assumed to be the primary drivers. Some specifics of their delineation of the critical factors are problematic, however. I highlight recent chimpanzee–human comparative findings that should help refine such analyses.

Psychosocial Risks and Management for Children and Adolescents With 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Canice E. Crerand ◽  
Ari N. Rabkin
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
22Q11.2 Deletion Syndrome ◽  
Deletion Syndrome ◽  
22Q11.2 Deletion ◽  
Psychosocial Risks ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Specific Education

Purpose This article reviews the psychosocial risks associated with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, a relatively common genetic condition associated with a range of physical and psychiatric problems. Risks associated with developmental stages from infancy through adolescence and early adulthood are described, including developmental, learning, and intellectual disabilities as well as psychiatric disorders including anxiety, mood, and psychotic disorders. Other risks related to coping with health problems and related treatments are also detailed for both affected individuals and their families. Conclusion The article ends with strategies for addressing psychosocial risks including provision of condition-specific education, enhancement of social support, routine assessment of cognitive abilities, regular mental health screening, and referrals for empirically supported psychiatric and psychological treatments.

A Case Study: Unique Challenges of an Adolescent Female With Autism Spectrum Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 314-325
Author(s):  
Kimberly F. Frazier ◽  
Jessica Collier ◽  
Rachel Glade
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Social Performance ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Adolescent Female ◽  
Social Thinking

Background The aim of this study was to determine the clinical efficacy of combining self-management strategies and a social thinking approach to address the social performance and executive function of an adolescent female with autism spectrum disorder. Method This research examined the effects of a social knowledge training program, “Think Social,” as well as strategies to improve higher order cognitive abilities. Results and Conclusion Although quantitative improvement was not found, several qualitative gains in behavior were noted for the participants of this study, suggesting a benefit from using structured environmental cues of self-management strategies, as well as improved social understanding through social cognitive training.

Clinical Decision-Making for Stroke and Aphasia in the Older Adult

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Hinckley
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Cognitive Profile ◽  
Focal Lesion ◽  
Cognitive Profiles ◽  
Supportive Communication ◽  
Spaced Retrieval

Abstract A patient with aphasia that is uncomplicated by other cognitive abilities will usually show a primary impairment of language. The frequency of additional cognitive impairments associated with cerebrovascular disease, multiple (silent or diagnosed) infarcts, or dementia increases with age and can complicate a single focal lesion that produces aphasia. The typical cognitive profiles of vascular dementia or dementia due to cerebrovascular disease may differ from the cognitive profile of patients with Alzheimer's dementia. In order to complete effective treatment selection, clinicians must know the cognitive profile of the patient and choose treatments accordingly. When attention, memory, and executive function are relatively preserved, strategy-based and conversation-based interventions provide the best choices to target personally relevant communication abilities. Examples of treatments in this category include PACE and Response Elaboration Training. When patients with aphasia have co-occurring episodic memory or executive function impairments, treatments that rely less on these abilities should be selected. Examples of treatments that fit these selection criteria include spaced retrieval and errorless learning. Finally, training caregivers in the use of supportive communication strategies is helpful to patients with aphasia, with or without additional cognitive complications.

The Developing Relationship Among Cognition, Amplification, and Aural Rehabilitation

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. DiGiovanni ◽  
Travis L. Riffle
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Hearing Aid Fitting ◽  
Aural Rehabilitation ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
And Function

The search for best practices in hearing aid fittings and aural rehabilitation has generally used the audiogram and function stemming from peripheral sensitivity. In recent years, however, we have learned that individuals respond differently to various hearing aid and aural rehabilitation techniques based on cognitive abilities. In this paper, we review basic concepts of working memory and the literature driving our knowledge in newer concepts of hearing aid fitting and aural rehabilitation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document