Prejudicial behavior: More closely linked to homophilic peer preferences than to trait bigotry

2012 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 448-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob M. Vigil ◽  
Kamilla Venner
Keyword(s):  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Negative Attributes ◽  
Subsequent Discrimination

AbstractWe disagree with Dixon et al. by maintaining that prejudice is primarily rooted in aversive reactions toward out-group members. However, these reactions are not indicative of negative attributes, such as trait bigotry, but rather normative homophily for peers with similar perceived attributes. Cognitive biases such as stereotype threat perpetuate perceptions of inequipotential and subsequent discrimination, irrespective of individuals' personality characteristics.

scholarly journals The Implications of Using Stereotypes

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 331-336
Author(s):  
Gabriela-Maria Man
Keyword(s):  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
Physical Performance ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Group Diversity

AbstractThe term stereotype was first used around a century ago, but its meaning and implications are relevant today due to an increase in group diversity and interactions. Stereotypes are simplistic and generalized beliefs about group members that can have negative consequences. This article reviews some of the evidence relating to two of the most common implications of stereotypes; discrimination and changes in cognitive and physical performance related with stereotype threat. The findings from this article may be helpful for human resource (HR) specialists, professors, health related specialists and those engaged in evaluation activities.

scholarly journals Spanish slurs and stereotypes for Mexican-Americans in the USA: A context-sensitive account of derogation and appropriation

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-179
Author(s):  
Adam M. Croom
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Stereotype Threat ◽  
Mexican Americans ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Context Sensitive ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Stereotype Lift ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Male Homosexuals

AbstractSlurs such as spic, slut, wetback, and whore are linguistic expressions that are primarily understood to derogate certain group members on the basis of their descriptive attributes (such as their race or sex) and expressions of this kind have been considered to pack some of the nastiest punches natural language affords. Although prior scholarship on slurs has uncovered several important facts concerning their meaning and use –including that slurs are potentially offensive, are felicitously applied towards some targets yet not others, and are often flexibly used not only derogatorily to convey offense towards out-group members but also non-derogatorily to convey affiliation with in-group members– the literature remains largely focused on slurs that typically target African Americans (nigger), male homosexuals (faggot), and sexually active females (slut). Since no account of slurs that typically target Hispanics or Mexican-Americans has so far been proposed, here I offer the first systematic and empirically informed analysis of these that accounts for both their derogatory and appropriative use. Importantly, this article reviews over a dozen Spanish stereotypes and slurs and explains how the descriptive attributes involved in a stereotype associated with a slur can contribute to the predication of certain content in the application of that slur toward its target in context. This article further explains how the psychological effects of stereotype threat and stereotype lift can be initiated through the application of a relevant slur towards its target in context as well.

Distortions of Memory in Depressed, Formerly Depressed, and Never Depressed College Students

1980 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 415-425 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Zuroff
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Memory Test ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Female College Students ◽  
Female College ◽  
Recognition Memory Test ◽  
Depressed College Students

Depressed, formerly depressed, and never depressed female college students were randomly assigned to success, failure, or neutral experiences on a sham measure of empathy ( ns = 12/cell). They then read descriptions of their supposed positive and negative intellectual and personality characteristics, and took a recognition memory test. Based on Beck's (1967) theory, it was predicted that depressed subjects would display negative biasing of memory after neutral or failure experiences and that the latent negative biases of the formerly depressed would be activated by failure. The predictions for depressed subjects were not confirmed. However, the memories of the formerly depressed for information about their intellectual qualities became negatively biased after failure. Beck's view that those predisposed to depression harbor latent negative cognitive biases received some support, but the results also indicated that his conception of global negative biasing of cognition during depression is over-simplified.

scholarly journals Debiasing the crowd: how to select social information for improving collective judgments?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertrand Jayles ◽  
Ralf Kurvers
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Biases ◽  
Social Information ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Wide Spread ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
True Value ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Human Tendency ◽  
Group Members

Cognitive biases are wide spread in humans and animals alike, and can impair the quality of collectivejudgments and decisions. One such prime bias in judgment is the human tendency to underestimate largequantities. Former research on social influence in estimation tasks has generally focused on the impactof single estimates on individual and collective judgments, showing that randomly sharing estimates doesnot reduce the underestimation bias. Here we test a method of social information sharing that exploits theknown relationship between the true value and the level of underestimation, and study if it can counteractthe underestimation bias. We performed estimation experiments in which participants had to estimate aseries of quantities twice, before and after receiving estimates from one or several group members. Ourpurpose was threefold: to study (i) whether restructuring the sharing of social information can reducethe underestimation bias, (ii) how the number of estimates received affects improvement in accuracy,and (iii) the mechanisms underlying the integration of multiple estimates. Our restructuring of socialinteractions was successful and substantially boosted collective accuracy, countering the underestimationbias. Moreover, we find that sharing more than one estimate also reduces the underestimation bias.Underlying our results are a human tendency to herd, to trust larger estimates than one’s own morethan smaller estimates, and to follow disparate social information less. Using a computational modelingapproach, we demonstrate that these effects are indeed key to explain the experimental results. We usethe model to explore the conditions under which estimation accuracy can be improved further. Overall,our results show that existing knowledge on biases can be used to dampen their negative effects and boostjudgment accuracy, paving the way for combating other cognitive biases threatening collective systems.

The power of norms to sway fused group members

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnifred R. Louis ◽  
Craig McGarty ◽  
Emma F. Thomas ◽  
Catherine E. Amiot ◽  
Fathali M. Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Anthropology ◽  
Normative Systems ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Identity Fusion ◽  
Group Members

AbstractWhitehouse adapts insights from evolutionary anthropology to interpret extreme self-sacrifice through the concept of identity fusion. The model neglects the role of normative systems in shaping behaviors, especially in relation to violent extremism. In peaceful groups, increasing fusion will actually decrease extremism. Groups collectively appraise threats and opportunities, actively debate action options, and rarely choose violence toward self or others.

Stuttering-Related Podcasts: Audio-Based Self-Help for People Who Stutter

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 1131-1138
Author(s):  
Lauren E. Dignazio ◽  
Megan M. Kenny ◽  
Erik X. Raj ◽  
Kyle D. Pelkey
Keyword(s):  
Support Groups ◽  
Support Group ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
Speech Language Pathologists ◽  
Group Leaders ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Group Members

Purpose It is known that people who stutter (PWS) benefit from self-help experiences, such as attending support groups or conferences. However, limited research has been done to explore the listening of stuttering-related podcasts as a form of self-help for PWS. This study seeks to understand the reasons why PWS listen to stuttering-related podcasts and provide descriptions of their listening experiences. Method Thirty-three PWS who have listened to stuttering-related podcasts were recruited to participate in an online survey that included multiple-choice and open-ended questions. Responses were analyzed and grouped into descriptive themes. Results Participants reported listening to stuttering-related podcasts as a way to gain information and perspective. They also reported experiences that fit themes of empowerment and camaraderie, as a result of listening. Conclusions Stuttering-related podcasts seem to be a positive self-help tool for PWS. Stuttering support group leaders and/or speech-language pathologists may consider introducing their group members or clients who stutter to this type of audio-based self-help experience.

Adolescent Voice Quality Aberrations: Personality and Social Status

1968 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 576-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Muma ◽  
Ronald L. Laeder ◽  
Clarence E. Webb
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Voice Quality ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Peer Evaluations ◽  
Adolescent Voice

Seventy-eight subjects, identified as possessing voice quality aberrations for six months, constituted four experimental groups: breathiness, harshness, hoarseness, and nasality. A control group included 38 subjects. The four experimental groups were compared with the control group according to personality characteristics and peer evaluations. The results of these comparisons indicated that there was no relationship between voice quality aberration and either personality characteristics or peer evaluations.

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