scholarly journals How is maternal survival related to reproductive success?

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 236-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. T. Wang ◽  
Ralph Hertwig
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Maternal Survival ◽  
Target Article ◽  
Risk Taking Behaviors

Campbell's target article is a stimulating attempt to extend our understanding of sex differences in risk-taking behaviors. However, Campbell does not succeed in demonstrating that her account adds explanatory power to those (e.g., Daly & Wilson 1994) previously proposed. In particular, little effort was made to explore the causal links between survival (staying alive) and reproduction.

Refining the sexual selection explanation within an ethological framework

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 292-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Archer
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Uncertainty Theory ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Human Sex Differences ◽  
Paternity Uncertainty ◽  
Target Article

AbstractMy response is organized into three sections. The first revisits the theme of the target article, the explanatory power of sexual selection versus social role theory. The second considers the range and scope of sexual selection, and its application to human sex differences. Two topics are examined in more detail: (1) the paternity uncertainty theory of partner violence; (2) evolution of inter-group aggression. Section 4 covers ultimate and proximal explanations and their integration within an ethological approach. I consider the development of sex differences in aggression, and their causal mechanisms, within this framework.

Staying alive: Evolution, culture, and women's intrasexual aggression

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Paternal Care ◽  
Indirect Aggression ◽  
Female Competition ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
Scarce Resources ◽  
Bodily Injury ◽  
Hierarchy Formation

Females' tendency to place a high value on protecting their own lives enhanced their reproductive success in the environment of evolutionary adaptation because infant survival depended more upon maternal than on paternal care and defence. The evolved mechanism by which the costs of aggression (and other forms of risk taking) are weighted more heavily for females may be a lower threshold for fear in situations which pose a direct threat of bodily injury. Females' concern with personal survival also has implications for sex differences in dominance hierarchies because the risks associated with hierarchy formation in nonbonded exogamous females are not offset by increased reproductive success. Hence among females, disputes do not carry implications for status with them as they do among males, but are chiefly connected with the acquisition and defence of scarce resources. Consequently, female competition is more likely to take the form of indirect aggression or low-level direct combat than among males. Under patriarchy, men have held the power to propagate images and attributions which are favourable to the continuance of their control. Women's aggression has been viewed as a gender-incongruent aberration or dismissed as evidence of irrationality. These cultural interpretations have “enhanced” evolutionarily based sex differences by a process of imposition which stigmatises the expression of aggression by females and causes women to offer exculpatory (rather than justificatory) accounts of their own aggression.

scholarly journals Applying an Evolutionary Approach of Risk-Taking Behaviors in Adolescents

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Salas-Rodríguez ◽  
Luis Gómez-Jacinto ◽  
Isabel Hombrados-Mendieta ◽  
Natalia del Pino-Brunet
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Lower Risk ◽  
Female Adolescents ◽  
Risk Propensity ◽  
Male Adolescents ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Expected Benefits ◽  
Risk Taking Behaviors

Risk-taking behaviors in adolescents have traditionally been analyzed from a psychopathological approach, with an excessive emphasis on their potential costs. From evolutionary theory we propose that risk-taking behaviors can be means through which adolescents obtain potential benefits for survival and reproduction. The present study analyses sex differences in three contexts of risk (i.e., risk propensity, expected benefits and risk perception) in the evolutionary specific domains and the predictive value of these domains over risk-taking behaviors, separately in female and male adolescents. 749 adolescents (females = 370) valued their risk perception, expected benefits and risk propensity through the Evolutionary Domain-Specific Risk Scale, as well as their engagement in risk-taking behaviors through the Risky Behavior Questionnaire. Male adolescents showed lower risk perception in two evolutionary domains, expected higher benefits in two other domains and showed higher risk propensity in six domains. Female adolescents showed lower risk perception in two domains. Additionally, risk perception, expected benefits and risk propensity in the evolutionary domains predicted the engagement in risk-taking behaviors in male adolescents, whereas in female adolescents only expected benefits and risk propensity showed a predictive effect over risk-taking behaviors. These results suggest the potential role of evolutionary mechanisms on risk-taking behaviors in adolescents. Results have practical implications for interventions programs aimed at reducing risk-taking behaviors. In addition to considering sex differences, intervention programs should consider alternative behaviors through which adolescents can reach their evolutionary goals, and handle the risks related to those behaviors that cannot be replaced but have potential benefits for adolescents.

Sex differences in aggression: Origins and implications for sexual integration of combat forces

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 270-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kingsley R. Browne
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Role Theory ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Social Role Theory ◽  
The Social ◽  
Risk Taking Behaviors ◽  
Female Soldiers ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
Military Combat

AbstractSex differences in aggressive and risk-taking behaviors have practical implications for sexual integration of military combat units. The social-role theory implies that female soldiers will adapt to their role and display the same aggressive and risk-taking propensities as their male comrades. If sex differences reflect evolved propensities, however, adoption of the soldier's role is unlikely to eliminate those differences.

Risk-Taking Behaviors in Adolescents

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin M. von Ranson ◽  
Susan L. Rosenthal
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Risk Taking Behaviors

Adolescents’ Future Negative Time Perspective and Risk-Taking Behaviors: The Roles of Coping Styles and Self-Control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Dou ◽  
Ming-Chen Zhang ◽  
Yue Liang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Longitudinal Design ◽  
Coping Styles ◽  
Future Time Perspective ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Total N ◽  
Negative Coping ◽  
Risk Taking Behaviors ◽  
Negative Time

The association between future time perspective and risk-taking behaviors has received extensive empirical attention. However, the underlying mechanism that links future negative time perspective to risk-taking behaviors are complex and not well-understood. To address this gap, we adopted a longitudinal design examined the association between FNTP and risk-taking behaviors, and the roles of coping styles and self-control in this association among Chinese adolescents (total N = 581, 46.3% females). Results showed that FNTP at wave 1 predicted risk-taking behavior at wave 3 via positive and negative coping styles at wave 2. Furthermore, adolescents with low self-control and used negative coping strategies prefer to engage in risk-taking behaviors as compared to their high self-control counterparts. Taken together, these research findings underscore the importance of considering influence of the future negative time perspective on adolescents’ risk-taking behaviors, and provided important implications for developing the preventions and interventions for reducing adolescents’ risk-taking behaviors.

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