The Problem of the Nation in the Preaching of Archbishop Jan Paweł Woronicz,1757–1829

1990 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 137-146
Author(s):  
Mieczysław Brzozowski
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Divine Providence ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Biblical Sources

Jan Paweł Woronicz—Polish archbishop, preacher, and poet, who lived in the second half of the eighteenth century and in the first third of the nineteenth century—presented in his writings a very characteristic and conceptually uniform vision of the nation. Generally speaking, one can say that this vision was based on the principles of divine finality and providence. It perceived individual nations as realities planned and created by God, aimed at precisely determined goals and provided with continual divine providence. These views are not the fruits of the Enlightenment, but can be traced back to biblical sources and to the writings of St Augustine and Jacques Bénigne Bosuet (1627–1704). However, in Poland these ideas are deeply rooted in the concepts already expressed by Jan Długosz (1415–80), Stanisław Orzechowski (1513–66), Stanisław Sarnicki (1532–97), Piotr Skarga (1536–1612), Wespazjan Kochowski (1633–1700), and Szymon Starowolski (1588–1656).

The Luso-Brazilian Enlightenment: Between Reform and Revolution

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Soares Guimarães
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Roman Catholicism ◽  
Absolute Power ◽  
Portuguese Empire ◽  
Political Debates ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Political Form

This chapter examines transformations of state–society relations in eighteenth-century Portugal in relation to Enlightened political debates of the time. It also explores how these transformations shaped the relations between Portugal and Brazil in the nineteenth century, the debate about the political form of independent Brazil, and the intra-Brazilian struggles over this form before and after independence. More importantly, it challenges the notion that the Enlightenment was absent from the Portuguese Empire as a result of the rejection of modern ideas by conservative world views and projects. It argues that there was a Luso-Brazilian Enlightenment that was plural and eclectic, supporting both critiques and defences of the absolute power of the king, endorsing simultaneously a secularisation process, the promotion of reason and Roman Catholicism, and fostering not only revolutionary projects but also conservative state reforms.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Guy G. Stroumsa
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Formative Period ◽  
Traditional Model ◽  
Early Modernity ◽  
Age Of Reason ◽  
New Science ◽  
The Enlightenment

This book is a sequel to A New Science: The Discovery of Religion in an Age of Reason, where I analyzed new intellectual approaches to religion in early modernity, from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century.1 In the present work, I study some major aspects of the scholarly study of religion during the long nineteenth century. More precisely, I seek here to understand the implications, in a secular age, which was also the formative period of the new discipline, of a major paradigm shift. The nineteenth century witnessed the transformation of the taxonomy of religions. According to the traditional model, in place since late antiquity, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam were cognate religions, all stemming from the biblical patriarch Abraham’s discovery of monotheism. This model was largely discarded during the Enlightenment, and would be later replaced by a new one, according to which Christianity, the religion of Europe, essentially belonged to a postulated family of the Aryan, or Indo-European religions, while Judaism and Islam were identified as Semitic religions....

Making Terrorism Thinkable: The Philosophy of the Act and Its European Reception

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaus Ries
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
The State ◽  
Johann Gottlieb Fichte ◽  
State Terror ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Mikhail Bakunin ◽  
The French Revolution

This chapter challenges the widespread assumption that terrorist ideology was invented in the mid-nineteenth century by such figures as Pierre-Joseph Proudhon and Mikhail Bakunin. Instead, the chapter argues, the foundations of terrorism were laid at the end of the eighteenth century by the Enlightenment philosopher Johann Gottlieb Fichte and his disciples, who in turn exerted a strong influence on later radical thinkers. In showing how the intellectual reverberations of the French Revolution gave rise to anarchist ideology as well as acts of terrorism in Germany, the chapter traces a link between the state terror of the French Revolution and the emergence of insurgent terrorism.

Nineteenth-Century Catholic Reception of Aquinas

2021 ◽  
pp. 358-374
Author(s):  
Thomas Marschler
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Academic Life ◽  
Medieval Theology ◽  
Catholic Theology ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Pius Ix ◽  
Pope Pius Ix ◽  
Theology And Philosophy

In the second half of the eighteenth century, under the influence of the Enlightenment, Catholic theology had increasingly turned away from its scholastic tradition. A renewal of Thomist thought started in the first decades of the nineteenth century, especially from Italy. Its original concern was to overcome the modern philosophies that were perceived as endangering faith. From the middle of the century, the movement spread to other parts of Europe, gaining support of the Church’s magisterium under Pope Pius IX. In the wake of the encyclical Aeterni Patris (1879) written by his successor Leo XIII, neo-scholasticism made its final breakthrough in Catholic academic life. Subsequently, numerous Thomist-oriented textbooks were published and Thomist academies were founded throughout Europe. The critical edition of the works of Aquinas (Editio Leonia) marked the beginning of a period of intense historical research on medieval theology and philosophy.

Back to the Future: Today's and Tomorrow's Politics of Degrowth Economics (Décroissance) in Light of the Debate over Luxury among Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Century Utopists

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Sippel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Inequality ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
William Godwin ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Communities ◽  
The Enlightenment

AbstractFrench Socialists currently appear less and less convinced of the relevance of rejecting today's consumption-oriented society and turn increasingly to more center-left models in order to refound their party. (Refoundation is one of the most frequently used terms within the party.) Therefore, it is instructive to go back to the eighteenth-century roots of socialism and note the way many of its founding theorists promoted the establishment of truly social communities set in a perfectly harmonious relationship to the natural environment.As the intellectual debate was not confined within French borders at the time of the Enlightenment, this study will create a dialogue between those who argued that luxury was absolutely essential in a modern society (Mandeville, and later Malthus, whose views are echoed in the voices of contemporary right-wing politicians) and those who, on the contrary, advocated a return to a voluntary state of nature, which implied the rejection of material accumulation and social inequality (such as Rousseau and later William Godwin, whose concerns are nowadays echoed by the defenders of décroissance). This article also explores the most utopian propositions coming from objecteurs de croissance, individuals who side with the far left while adding their concern for the environment and emphasis on humane values.

scholarly journals Patriotism and Bellicism in German and Dutch Epics of the Enlightenment

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-77
Author(s):  
Cornelis van der Haven
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Personal Experience ◽  
Critical Reading ◽  
Christoph Martin Wieland ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Military

AbstractThe German and Dutch historiography of eighteenth-century patriotism defines two different forms of patriotism. It is either presented as an enlightened and virtuous-eudemonic form of ʻlove for the fatherlandʼ based on reason, or as an ideology that foreshadows nineteenth-century emphatic forms of aggressive nationalism. A critical reading of the mid-eighteenth-century epics Cyrus by Christoph Martin Wieland and De Gevallen van Friso by Willem van Haren shows that the discourses are strongly intertwined. Heroism in these epics is based on a personal experience of war acts and no longer on distanced and ʻtheatricalʼ experiences of the military spectacle. It confronts us with aggressive war fantasies related to early bellicism, as well as with pacifist statements. In Cyrus, for instance, the sentimental warrior inspires his fellow-soldiers to offer their blood in the struggle against the enemy, but he has doubts about the war and shows compassion with the enemy. Explorations of the effects of individual emotions on the battlefield, prepared both further idealisations of patriotic war acts and a more critical literary approach to war and fatherland.

scholarly journals Os saberes úteis de José Pinto de Azerero na rede de informações do Império Ultramarino português * Useful knowledge from José Pinto de Azeredo in the information network inside portuguese's oversea empire

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Fernanda Ribeiro Rocha Fagundes
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Knowledge Network ◽  
Information Network ◽  
Useful Knowledge ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Science Theory ◽  
History Of

Neste artigo pretende-se evidenciar a produção de saberes em língua portuguesa, elaborados pelo físico-mor José Pinto de Azeredo, ao final do século XVIII e princípios do XIX, sob a ótica da História das Ciências Global e Transcontinental. Destaca-se na análise as ideias reelaboradas e circulantes desse ator histórico em regiões como a América portuguesa, Europa e África. Tal circulação se dava em uma conjuntura ilustrada, em que se admitia uma espécie de ciência pragmática. Nesse contexto, o Império Ultramarino mantinha uma rede de conhecimentos úteis, que era constantemente alimentada por várias instituições portuguesas e diversos personagens históricos a ela conectados, que agiam nas mais variadas possessões do além-mar português. As informações circulantes envolviam diversos setores, incluindo os saberes médicos.*In this essay, we want to show the Portuguese knowledge made by the physician José Pinto de Azeredo in the end of eighteenth century and first part of nineteenth century. We are using the New Global and Transcontinental History of science theory. This paper has underlined José Pinto de Azeredo’s ideas, which had been recreated and traveled around Portuguese America, Europe and Africa. This process of ideas circulation happened in a historic moment of the Enlightenment, when a pragmatic science was possible. In that moment, the Portuguese overseas empire kept a useful knowledge network, which was fed by several Portuguese institutions and a lot of history characters who belong to Portugal. These characters could be overseas employees, travelers, physicians, traders who sent a lot of information about several subject including cure’s knowledge to Portugal’s network.

The Topographies of a Typographer

2018 ◽  
pp. 9-24
Author(s):  
Malcolm Dick
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Book Design ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries

The chapter considers the ways in which Baskerville has been interpreted since the eighteenth century. Celebrated as a genius by eighteenth- and nineteenth-century historians of Birmingham, he was, however, criticised by others for his allegedly lowly origins, lack of education and unconventional morality and beliefs. The revival of interest in the quality of his typeface design at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries led to biographies and bibliographical studies which added to our knowledge of his work as a ‘complete printer’. These were important studies, but they resulted in a narrowing of our appreciation of Baskerville. He became, almost entirely, the subject of students of printing and book design and was largely ignored by economic, social and cultural historians. Baskerville’s importance as an industrialist, contributor to the Enlightenment and the significance of his books as cultural artefacts provide new ways of seeing the man and his works.

scholarly journals Iceland in the Eighteenth Century: An Island Outpost of Europe?

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Agnarsdóttir
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
European Continent ◽  
European Languages ◽  
The Enlightenment

The aim is to define Iceland’s relationship with Europe during the eighteenth century. Though Iceland, an island in the mid-Atlantic, was geographically isolated from the European continent, it was in most respects an integral part of Europe. Iceland was not much different from western Europe except for the notable lack of towns and a European-style nobility. However, there was a clearly – defined elite and by the end of the eighteenth century urbanisation had become government policy. Iceland was also remote in the sense that the state of knowledge among the Europeans was slight and unreliable. However, in the spirit of the Enlightenment, Danish and French expeditions were sent to Iceland while British scientists began exploring the island with the result that by the early nineteenth century an excellent choice of books was available in the major European languages giving up-to-date accounts of Iceland. On the other hand the Icelanders were growing ever closer to Europe, by the end of the century for instance adopting fashionable European dress. Iceland’s history always followed western trends, its history more or less mirroring that of western Europe.

Attempts to Transform and Integrate the Jews 1750–1881

2013 ◽  
pp. 40-95
Author(s):  
Antony Polonsky
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Major Turning Point ◽  
History Of

This chapter examines how the middle of the eighteenth century was a major turning point in the history of the Jews in Europe. Under the influence of the philosophy of the Enlightenment, many rulers now began to initiate attempts, carried still further by their constitutional successors in the nineteenth century, to transform the Jews from members of a religious and cultural community into ‘useful’ subjects, or, where a civil society had been established, into citizens. This attempt to change the legal, social, and economic status of the Jews was part of a wider process affecting the whole of society which can be described as ‘the Great Transformation’. There were two aspects to this transformation: economic and political. One now sees the industrial revolution as the culmination of a much longer process that should probably be dated back to the effects of European overseas expansion from the fifteenth century. The end result of this revolution was urbanization, the development of industry, the increasing importance of the bourgeoisie, and the displacement of the landed aristocracy as the dominant economic and political stratum.

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