Attempts to Transform and Integrate the Jews 1750–1881

2013 ◽  
pp. 40-95
Author(s):  
Antony Polonsky
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Civil Society ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Major Turning Point ◽  
History Of

This chapter examines how the middle of the eighteenth century was a major turning point in the history of the Jews in Europe. Under the influence of the philosophy of the Enlightenment, many rulers now began to initiate attempts, carried still further by their constitutional successors in the nineteenth century, to transform the Jews from members of a religious and cultural community into ‘useful’ subjects, or, where a civil society had been established, into citizens. This attempt to change the legal, social, and economic status of the Jews was part of a wider process affecting the whole of society which can be described as ‘the Great Transformation’. There were two aspects to this transformation: economic and political. One now sees the industrial revolution as the culmination of a much longer process that should probably be dated back to the effects of European overseas expansion from the fifteenth century. The end result of this revolution was urbanization, the development of industry, the increasing importance of the bourgeoisie, and the displacement of the landed aristocracy as the dominant economic and political stratum.

The Early History of the Sultanate of Angoche

1972 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. D. Newitt
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
Early History ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
Set Up

The sultanate of Angoche on the Moçambique coast was founded probably towards the end of the fifteenth century by refugees from Kilwa. It became a base for Muslim traders who wanted to use the Zambezi route to the central African trading fairs and it enabled them to by-pass the Portuguese trade monopoly at Sofala. The Portuguese were not able to check this trade until they themselves set up bases on the Zambezi in the 1530s and 1540s, and from that time the sultanate began to decline. Internal dissensions among the ruling families led to the Portuguese obtaining control of the sultanate in the late sixteenth century, but this control was abandoned in the following century when the trade of the Angoche coast dwindled to insignificance. During the eighteenth century movements among the Macua peoples of the mainland and the development of the slave trade in the Indian Ocean laid the foundations for the revival of the sultanate in the nineteenth century.

Postscript

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard Carruthers
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Scottish Literature ◽  
Imperial Expansion ◽  
Major Turning Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
British State ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The interwar period marked a major turning point in the history of Scottish literature. The story of Scots before MacDiarmid’s recasting of it as synthetic Lallans was happily enmeshed in the experience of Britishness and of Britain’s imperial expansion overseas. As far back as the eighteenth century, Scots and English were viewed by Scots philologists as Saxon–British cognates. The emergence of an antithetical relationship of Scots and English was largely a twentieth-century phenomenon. Indeed, MacDiarmid entirely reconceptualized the relationship of Scottish literature to the post-1707 British state. A partner nation of enthusiastic imperialists was reimagined as an oppressed colony. Scottish literature, both its practitioners and its critics, embarked on a process of forgetting Scotland’s complicity in Britishness and Empire.

scholarly journals Os saberes úteis de José Pinto de Azerero na rede de informações do Império Ultramarino português * Useful knowledge from José Pinto de Azeredo in the information network inside portuguese's oversea empire

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Fernanda Ribeiro Rocha Fagundes
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
History Of Science ◽  
Knowledge Network ◽  
Information Network ◽  
Useful Knowledge ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Science Theory ◽  
History Of

Neste artigo pretende-se evidenciar a produção de saberes em língua portuguesa, elaborados pelo físico-mor José Pinto de Azeredo, ao final do século XVIII e princípios do XIX, sob a ótica da História das Ciências Global e Transcontinental. Destaca-se na análise as ideias reelaboradas e circulantes desse ator histórico em regiões como a América portuguesa, Europa e África. Tal circulação se dava em uma conjuntura ilustrada, em que se admitia uma espécie de ciência pragmática. Nesse contexto, o Império Ultramarino mantinha uma rede de conhecimentos úteis, que era constantemente alimentada por várias instituições portuguesas e diversos personagens históricos a ela conectados, que agiam nas mais variadas possessões do além-mar português. As informações circulantes envolviam diversos setores, incluindo os saberes médicos.*In this essay, we want to show the Portuguese knowledge made by the physician José Pinto de Azeredo in the end of eighteenth century and first part of nineteenth century. We are using the New Global and Transcontinental History of science theory. This paper has underlined José Pinto de Azeredo’s ideas, which had been recreated and traveled around Portuguese America, Europe and Africa. This process of ideas circulation happened in a historic moment of the Enlightenment, when a pragmatic science was possible. In that moment, the Portuguese overseas empire kept a useful knowledge network, which was fed by several Portuguese institutions and a lot of history characters who belong to Portugal. These characters could be overseas employees, travelers, physicians, traders who sent a lot of information about several subject including cure’s knowledge to Portugal’s network.

Race and Its Discontents in the Enlightenment

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin E. H. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Cultural Difference ◽  
Cultural Anthropology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Johann Gottfried Herder ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Human Difference ◽  
The One

This chapter surveys some of the more important developments in the history of the concept of race in eighteenth-century Germany. It reveals an inconsistency between the desire to make taxonomic distinctions and a hesitance to posit any real ontological divisions within the human species. This inconsistency was well represented in the physical-anthropological work of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, who was, in many respects, the most important eighteenth-century theorist of human difference. Johann Gottfried Herder, a contemporary of Blumenbach's, was intensely interested in human diversity, but saw this diversity as entirely based in culture rather than biology, and saw cultural difference as an entirely neutral matter, rather than as a continuum of higher and lower. Herder constitutes an important link between early modern universalism, on the one hand, and on the other the ideally value-neutral project of cultural anthropology as it would begin to emerge in the nineteenth century.

Western European Recycling in a Long-term Perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg Stöger ◽  
Reinhold Reith
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Consumer Society ◽  
Material Flows ◽  
Urban Sanitation ◽  
Major Turning Point ◽  
History Of ◽  
Recycling Systems

AbstractScholarship on the history of material flows stresses the fundamental changes in the recycling of materials between the nineteenth century and the mid-twentieth century and points to different caesuras during this period. Industrialization and urban sanitation constituted a major turning point for recycling followed by another connected to the advent of the mass consumer society. Seen in a long-term perspective, however, the picture seems more complex. There were significant changes, but there are also indications of evolving and persisting recycling systems. Mainly dealing with urban settings, the article argues that pre-industrial forms persisted within the field of “modern” recycling alongside the ruptures that can be detected for material flows and recycling systems since the end of the nineteenth century.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Whyman
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Political Participation ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Economic Change ◽  
History Of The Book ◽  
Formal Schooling ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Literate Society

The introduction shows the convergence and intertwining of the Industrial Revolution and the provincial Enlightenment. At the centre of this industrial universe lay Birmingham; and at its centre was Hutton. England’s second city is described in the mid-eighteenth century, and Hutton is used as a lens to explore the book’s themes: the importance of a literate society shared by non-elites; the social category of ‘rough diamonds’; how individuals responded to economic change; political participation in industrial towns; shifts in the modes of authorship; and an analysis of social change. The strategy of using microhistory, biography, and the history of the book is discussed, and exciting new sources are introduced. The discovery that self-education allowed unschooled people to participate in literate society renders visible people who were assumed to be illiterate. This suggests that eighteenth-century literacy was greater than statistics based on formal schooling indicate.

Disability and Work in South Asia and the United Kingdom

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Buckingham
Keyword(s):  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Disability History ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Indian Experience ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Western View

Historical analyses, as well as more contemporary examples of disability and work, show that the experience of disability is always culturally and historically mediated, but that class—in the sense of economic status—plays a major role in the way impairment is experienced as disabling. Although there is little published on disability history in India, the history of the Indian experience of caste disability demonstrates the centrality of work in the social and economic expression of stigma and marginalization. An Indian perspective supports the challenge to the dominant Western view that modern concepts of disability have their origins in the Industrial Revolution. Linkage between disability, incapacity to work, and low socioeconomic status are evident in India, which did not undergo the workplace changes associated with industrialization in the West.

Schopenhauer’s Pessimism in Context

2020 ◽  
pp. 283-298
Author(s):  
Mark Migotti
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Human Flourishing ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century

In this chapter, the author attempts to establish what is philosophically living and what is philosophically dead in Schopenhauer’s pessimism. Against the background of the intriguing the history of the terms “optimism” and “pessimism”—in debates about Leibniz’s theodicy in the early eighteenth century and the popularity of Schopenhauer in the late nineteenth century, respectively—the author points up the distinction between affirming life, which all living beings do naturally, and subscribing to philosophical optimism (or pessimism), which is possible only for reflective beings like us. Next, the author notes the significance of Schopenhauer’s claim that optimism is a necessary condition of theism and explains its bearing on his pessimistic argument for the moral unacceptability of suicide. The chapter concludes that Schopenhauer’s case for pessimism is not conclusive, but instructive; his dim view of the prospects for leading a truly rewarding, worthwhile human life draws vivid attention to important questions about how and to what degree an atheistic world can nevertheless be conducive to human flourishing.

‹ Rococo › : du jargon à la catégorie de style

2017 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 474-487
Author(s):  
Marie-Pauline Martin
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Louis Xvi ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Louis Xv ◽  
Objective Existence

Abstract Today there is a consensus on the definition of the term ‘rococo’: it designates a style both particular and homogeneous, artistically related to the reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI. But we must not forget that in its primitive formulations, the rococo has no objective existence. As a witty, sneering, and impertinent word, it can adapt itself to the most varied discourses and needs, far beyond references to the eighteenth century. Its malleability guarantees its sparkling success in different languages, but also its highly contradictory uses. By tracing the genealogy of the word ‘rococo’, this article will show that the association of the term with the century of Louis XV is a form of historical discrimination that still prevails widely in the history of the art of the Enlightenment.

scholarly journals ‘Constitutions selection’: Darwin, race and medicine

BJHS Themes ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Suman Seth
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Skin Colour ◽  
Race Science ◽  
Late Eighteenth Century ◽  
Late Eighteenth ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Race ◽  
Descent Of Man

Abstract In the course of his discussion of the origin of variations in skin colour among humans in the Descent of Man, Charles Darwin suggested that darker skin might be correlated with immunity to certain diseases. To make that suggestion, he drew upon a claim that seemed self-evidently correct in 1871, although it had seemed almost certainly incorrect in the late eighteenth century: that immunity to disease could be understood as a hereditary racial trait. This paper aims to show how fundamental was the idea of ‘constitutions selection’, as Darwin would call it, for his thinking about human races, tracking his (ultimately unsuccessful) attempts to find proof of its operation over a period of more than thirty years. At the same time and more broadly, following Darwin's conceptual resources on this question helps explicate relationships between conceptions of disease and conceptions of race in the nineteenth century. That period saw the birth of a modern, fixist, biologically determinist racism, which increasingly manifested itself in medical writings. The reverse was also true: medicine was a crucial site in which race was forged. The history of what has been called ‘race-science’, it is argued, cannot and should not be written independent of the history of ‘race-medicine’.

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