scholarly journals Returns to work after retirement: a prospective study of unretirement in the United Kingdom

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
LORETTA G. PLATTS ◽  
LAURIE M. CORNA ◽  
DIANA WORTS ◽  
PEGGY MCDONOUGH ◽  
DEBORA PRICE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Later Life ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Returns To Work ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Financial Need ◽  
A Prospective Study

ABSTRACTDespite the complexity of the retirement process, most research treats it as an abrupt and one-way transition. Our study takes a different approach by examining retirement reversals (unretirement) and their predictors. Using the British Household Panel Survey (1991–2008), and following participants into Understanding Society (2010–2015), we undertake a survival analysis to investigate retirement reversals among Britons aged 50–69 years who were born in 1920–1959 (N = 2,046). Unretirement was defined as: (a) reporting being retired and subsequently recommencing paid employment, or (b) beginning full-time work following partial retirement (the latter defined here as reporting being retired and working fewer than 30 hours per week). A cumulative proportion of around 25 per cent of participants experienced a retirement reversal after reporting being retired; about half of these reversals occurred within the first five years of retirement. Unretirement was more common for participants who were male, more educated, in better health, owned a house with a mortgage (compared to owning it outright) and whose partner was in paid work. However, unretirement rates were not higher for participants in greater financial need, whether measured as subjective assessment of finances or household income quintiles. These results suggest that unretirement is a strategy more often used by those who are already advantaged and that it has the potential to exacerbate income inequalities in later life.

scholarly journals Pathways of participation in paid and unpaid work in mid to later life in the United Kingdom

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Lawrence B. Sacco ◽  
Laurie M. Corna ◽  
Debora Price ◽  
Karen Glaser
Keyword(s):  
Latent Class ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Logistic Models ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Unpaid Work ◽  
Active Ageing ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Paid And Unpaid Work

Abstract Policy responses to population ageing have focused on lengthening working lives, overlooking inequalities in older adults’ participation in unpaid activities. This paper examines participation in paid and unpaid activities between the ages of 55 and 70 to answer two questions: how do people navigate pathways of paid work, informal care, volunteering, civic participation and housework in mid to later life?; and how do these pathways relate to gender, socio-economic and health inequalities? Two-staged latent class analysis was used to identify activity pathways using data from the British Household Panel Survey (1996–2008). Multinomial logistic models assessed associations between latent pathways and socio-demographic and health characteristics. Three pathways were observed: full-time work to low activity (49%), part-time and in-home work (34%) and multiple activities (16%). Aside from retirement from full-time work, the pathways of participation in paid and unpaid activities were characterised by continuity; substitution between different forms of paid and unpaid work was not observed. Participation in multiple paid and unpaid activities was more common for respondents in better health and of higher socio-economic status. Since the promotion of paid work and volunteering in later life may mainly benefit individuals in advantaged circumstances, policies should avoid taking a blanket approach to encouraging participation in multiple activities, a key component of active ageing.

Gender Differences in Spousal Care Across the Later Life Course

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (8) ◽  
pp. 934-959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Glauber
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Moderating Effects ◽  
Time Work ◽  
More Care ◽  
Full Time Employment

Spouses often serve as the primary caregivers to their ill or disabled partners. Studies have shown that men receive more care from their wives than vice versa, but few studies have focused on how the gender gap in care varies across the later life course. Drawing on data from the Health and Retirement Study, this study examined the moderating effects of age, gender, and full-time employment on married women’s and men’s receipt of spousal care. This study found that among community-dwelling married adults, the gender gap in care was larger among those in middle age (50–65) than it was among those in older age. As women and men aged, the gender gap decreased primarily because men left full-time work and increased the amount of time that they spent caring for their wives. As gender differences in full-time employment narrowed, the gender gap in spousal care narrowed.

scholarly journals Review of registration requirements for new part-time doctors in New Zealand, Australia, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Canada

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Leitch ◽  
Susan Dovey
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Government Regulation ◽  
Medical Graduate ◽  
Full Time ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Phone Calls ◽  
Registration Period ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time

INTRODUCTION: By the time medical students graduate many wish to work part-time while accommodating other lifestyle interests. AIM: To review flexibility of medical registration requirements for provisional registrants in New Zealand, Australia, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Canada. METHODS: Internet-based review of registration bodies of each country, and each state or province in Australia and Canada, supplemented by emails and phone calls seeking clarification of missing or obscure information. RESULTS: Data from 20 regions were examined. Many similarities were found between study countries in their approaches to the registration of new doctors, although there are some regional differences. Most regions (65%) have a provisional registration period of one year. Extending this period was possible in 91% of regions. Part-time options were possible in 75% of regions. All regions required trainees to work in approved practice settings. DISCUSSION: Only the UK provided comprehensive documentation of their requirements in an accessible format and clearly explaining the options for part-time work. Australia appeared to be more flexible than other countries with respect to part- and full-time work requirements. All countries need to examine their registration requirements to introduce more flexibility wherever possible, as a strategy for addressing workforce shortages. KEYWORDS: Family practice; education, medical, graduate; government regulation

(Non)Participation in the Labour Market: Alternative Indicators and Estimates of Labour Reserve in United Kingdom Regions

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
A E Green ◽  
C Hasluck
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Full Time ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Key Features ◽  
Training Schemes ◽  
The Unemployed

In the context of the continuance of mass high unemployment in the United Kingdom and considerable debate concerning the ‘real level’ of unemployment, the authors of this paper go beyond the official unemployment rate by focusing on the development of alternative indicators of labour reserve in the regions of the United Kingdom. They show how, on a step-by-step basis, successively ‘broader’ indicators of labour reserve (more specifically, those on government training schemes, various categories of those conventionally defined as economically inactive who would like a job, and those in part-time work because they could not find full-time employment) may be derived by means of data from the Labour Force Survey. They then go on to outline the key features of regional variations in the scope for additional labour-force participation. As labour supply is a dynamic concept, and the utilisation of the labour reserve implies transitions from unemployment and non-employment to employment, selected information on transitions between labour-market states and on the previous economic circumstances of the unemployed is presented. Some key features of the broad regional geography of those categorised as in employment, but ‘on the margins’ of the labour reserve, are highlighted also. Finally, the implications for policy of substantial labour reserves in many regions in the United Kingdom are explored.

Coresidence With Parents, Women's Economic Resources, and the Transition to Marriage in Japan

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 653-681 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M. Raymo ◽  
Hiromi Ono
Keyword(s):  
Family Formation ◽  
Economic Resources ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Parental Home ◽  
Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽  
First Marriage ◽  
Marriage Behavior ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Transition To Marriage

Integrating three theoretical explanations for declining rates of marriage in Japan, the authors develop hypotheses in which linkages between benefits of coresidence with parents and marriage timing are moderated by women's own socioeconomic characteristics. To evaluate these hypothesized interactive relationships, data from a panel survey of Japanese women is used to estimate hazard models for the transition from the parental home to first marriage. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that limited domestic responsibilities contribute to later marriage among coresident women with higher levels of human capital. Less evidence is found for the hypothesis that limited living expenses are associated with later marriage among women whose potential husbands are likely to have more tenuous economic prospects. The authors conclude that coresidence with parents plays a potentially important role in the marriage behavior of economically independent women in societies where family formation is relatively incompatible with full-time work for women.

Return to Paid Work after Ischemic Stroke in Patients Treated with Intravenous Thrombolysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Stefanovic Budimkic ◽  
Tatjana Pekmezovic ◽  
Ljiljana Beslac-Bumbasirevic ◽  
Marko Ercegovac ◽  
Ivana Berisavac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Return To Work ◽  
Stroke Unit ◽  
Outcome Measure ◽  
Independent Predictor ◽  
Intravenous Thrombolysis ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Time Work

Background: There are no available data confirming the efficacy of intravenous thrombolytic (IVT) treatment on the return to work as one of important outcome measure after acute ischemic stroke (IS). The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of IVT treatment on the return to work after stroke. Methods: This matched cohort study included 279 patients with acute IS (146 treated with IVT and 133 matched patients without IVT) admitted to the Stroke Unit between 2007 and 2013. All patients were working in paid employment immediately before stroke onset. The main outcome measure was return to full-time paid work during follow-up period. Results: After a median follow-up period of 3 years (range 1-7 years), the prevalence of stroke survivors returning to paid work was 42.1% in the IVT group and 33.3% in the non-IVT group (hazard ratio 1.28, 95% CI 0.86-1.91), and IVT treatment was associated with a higher chance of returning to full-time jobs (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.21-3.51). After adjustment for possible variables, IVT was an independent predictor of returning to full-time jobs. Conclusion: IVT treatment was a positive predictor of returning to full-time work after stroke.

scholarly journals What Comes after Caring? The Impact of Family Care on Women’s Employment

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (9) ◽  
pp. 1387-1419 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Ehrlich ◽  
Katja Möhring ◽  
Sonja Drobnič
Keyword(s):  
Family Care ◽  
Working Women ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Shared Frailty ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Extensive Family

Previous research has shown that women providing family care tend to decrease paid work. We take the opposite perspective and examine how current and previous family care tasks influence women’s likelihood to (re-)enter employment or to increase working hours. Family care is defined as caring for an ill, disabled or frail elderly partner, parent, or other family member. Using German Socio-Economic Panel data, we apply Cox shared frailty regression modeling to analyze transitions (1) into paid work and (2) from part-time to full-time work among women aged 25–59. The results indicate that in the German policy context, part-time working women providing extensive family care have a lower propensity to increase working hours. When family care ends, the likelihood that part-time working women change to full-time does not increase. Homemaking women’s likelihood of entering the workforce is not influenced by either current or previous family care tasks.

scholarly journals Employment Adjustment and Part-Time Work: Lessons from the United States and the United Kingdom

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 389-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Borowczyk-Martins ◽  
Etienne LalÉ
Keyword(s):  
Working Hours ◽  
The United States ◽  
Full Time ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Employment Adjustment ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Labor Adjustment ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Stock Flow ◽  
Part Time Work

We document that fluctuations in part-time employment play a major role in movements in hours per worker during cyclical swings in the labor market. Building on this result, we develop a stock-flow framework to describe the dynamics of part-time employment. The evolution of part-time employment is predominantly explained by cyclical changes in transitions between full-time and part-time employment. Those transitions occur overwhelmingly at the same employer, entail sizable changes in individual working hours and are associated with an increase in involuntary part-time work. Our findings provide a novel understanding of the cyclical dynamics of labor adjustment on the intensive margin. (JEL E24, E32, J22, J23)

scholarly journals It's not the evidence, it's the way you use it: is clinical practice being tyrannised by evidence?

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathy Stiller
Keyword(s):  
Working Hours ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Clinical Expertise ◽  
Range Of Movement ◽  
External Evidence ◽  
Time Work ◽  
Part Time ◽  
Movement Function ◽  
Time Position

?Good doctors use both individual clinical expertise and the best available external evidence, and neither alone is enough. Without clinical expertise, practice risks becoming tyrannised by evidence, for even excellent external evidence may be inapplicable to or inappropriate for an individual patient.?1 (p. 72) I am a senior physiotherapist and clinical researcher and in the comparatively early stages of a sero-negative spondyloarthropathy that may well develop into full blown ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The severity of my symptoms was such that in 2005 I had to relinquish the full-time position I had held for 21 years and reduce my working hours to 12 hours per week in a nonclinical role. To set the picture of my symptoms at their worst, I was unable to sit for more than a few minutes a day because of severe axial pain, forced to do all work in kneeling, standing or lying positions, with social activities likewise restricted. In order to sleep I often needed strong analgesia and icepacks, only to wake 2?3 hours later. Life was pretty tough. After little response to conventional medications, I started a tumour necrosis factor a (TNF-a) blocker (Infliximab) in March 2007 with a significant and dramatic response. As well as markedly decreasing my pain and fatigue, and improving range of movement, function and quality of life, Infliximab has enabled me to commence some additional part-time work as a medical writer.

scholarly journals “Otherwise it would be nothing but cruises”: exploring the subjective benefits of working beyond 65

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Reynolds ◽  
Alexandra Farrow ◽  
Alison Blank
Keyword(s):  
Personal Development ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Personal Control ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Private Pensions ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Lifestyle Choices ◽  
Part Time

The age at which statutory and private pensions are being paid is increasing in many countries and hence more people will need to work into their late 60s and beyond. At present, relatively little is known about the meanings of work for people who actively choose to work into their later life. This qualitative study examined the subjective benefits of continuing in a paid job or self-employment beyond the age of 65 in the United Kingdom. Thirty-one participants were interviewed, aged 65-91 years (median age 71), with 11 females and 20 males. Fourteen were working full-time and seventeen part-time. Interview transcripts were subject to thematic analysis. Although financial reward was acknowledged (more so by the female participants and the males who had young second families), there was more elaboration of the role of work in maintaining health and enabling continuing personal development. Work was framed as increasing personal control over later life, lifestyle choices and active participation in wider society, an antithesis to ’’cruising’’.

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