Religious component in the marital sphere: ethnosociological research

Происходящие в институте семьи изменения исследователями характеризуются как кризисные, а наблюдающиеся деструктивные процессы - противоречивые. Объектом данного исследования является семейно-брачная сфера народов Дагестана. Предметом исследования выступает межрелигиозный брачный союз и брачное поведение дагестанских народов. Хронологические рамки исследования охватывают XIX - начало XXI вв., и этот исторический период позволит проследить эволюцию отношения к межрелигиозным бракам, от их полного неприятия до толерантного отношения к ним. Методологической основой этносоциологического исследования является принцип исторической реконструкции, историко-сравнительный и историко-типологический методы, шкала социальной дистанцированности Богардуса, которая показывает существующие в массовом сознании городского населения республики установки в различных сферах социального взаимодействия. Полученные результаты исследования свидетельствуют о том, что в традиционном дагестанском обществе отношение к межрелигиозным бракам, в силу высокой исламизации общества, было отрицательным. С присоединением Дагестана к России заключение межрелигиозных браков становится возможным при условии принятия ислама одного из брачующихся, при соблюдении шариатских брачных норм и обрядов. С увеличением доли русского населения в Дагестане со второй половины ХХ в. отношение к межрелигиозным бракам изменилось, шариатские нормы при заключении брака, в связи с советизацией дагестанского общества, не всегда соблюдались. Исследование показало, что опрошенное городское население ориентировано на взаимодействие в различных социальных сферах, за исключением семейно-брачной, ибо для респондентов ключевым параметром при вступлении в брачный союз выступает вероисповедание будущего супруга (супруги). Однако эмпирические данные показывают, что в массовом сознании горожан существует толерантное отношение к межрелигиозному браку своих детей, в сравнении с собственными брачными установками. Исследование выявило наличие существенных отличий по типу религиозности: наиболее консервативна подгруппа, самоидентифицирующаяся как убежденно верующие, впрочем, как и верующие, хотя процентные показатели заметно ниже, по сравнению с подмассивами колеблющихся, неверующих и убежденно неверующих. Researchers describe changes taking place in the institute of the family as crisis, and the observed destructive processes as contradictory. The object of this study is the marital sphere of the peoples of Dagestan. The subject of the study is the interreligious marriage union and the marriage behavior of the Dagestan peoples. The chronological framework of the study covers the 19th - early 21st centuries and this historical period will allow us to trace the evolution of attitudes towards interreligious marriages, from their complete rejection to tolerant attitude towards them. The methodological basis of ethnosociological research is the principle of historical reconstruction, historical, comparative and historical-typological methods, and the Bogardus social distance scale, which shows the attitudes existing in the mass consciousness of the urban population of the republic in various areas of social interaction. The obtained results of the study indicate that in traditional Dagestan society, the attitude towards interreligious marriages, due to the high Islamization of society, was negative. With the accession of Dagestan to Russia, the conclusion of interreligious marriages becomes possible provided one of the spouses accepts Islam, subject to sharia marriage norms and rites. With an increase in the share of the Russian population in Dagestan from the second half of the twentieth century, the attitude to interreligious marriages has changed, sharia norms in marriage, in connection with the Sovietization of Dagestan society, have not always been respected. The study shows that the urban population surveyed is focused on interaction in various social spheres, with the exception of marital, because for respondents the religion of the future spouse is the key parameter when joining a marriage union. However, empirical data show that in the mass consciousness of citizens there is a tolerant attitude towards the interreligious marriage of their children, in comparison with their own marital attitudes. The study has revealed significant differences in the type of religiosity: the most conservative subgroup is self-identifying as "staunchly believers," and "believers", although the percentages are noticeably lower, compared with the sub-masses of fluctuating, unbelieving and staunchly unbelievers.

The The Perception Of Hindu Community In Mataram Toward Changing On Customary Marriage Behavior

This research is motivated by a change in the traditional marriage system in the Hindu community in the city of Mataram. The purpose of this study was to examine the perception of the Hindu community in the city of Mataram on changes in customary marriage behavior. Methods of this research is designed in a qualitative descriptive type with a case study model. Data were collected by observation, interview, and documentation. The collected data were analyzed using qualitative analysis techniques through data grouping, data reduction, and data interpretation. The summary of the results of this study that the Hindu community's perception of changes in customary marriage behavior in the city of Mataram could be categorized into two, namely the group that agreed and the other group did not agree. The category agreed with the reasons (1) polite and more honorable; (2) fostering a more harmonious relationship between the two parties; (3) social status and wangsa (line of descent); (4) consensual; and (5) a simpler process. Groups that disagree are categorized into three, namely (1) cultural traditions and customs; (2) ethics and courtesy; and (3) the wangsa (line of descent). The perception of the Hindu community in the city of Mataram on the mepadik and selarian marriage system in terms of time, energy and cost. Based on the results of the study it was found that the public perception of the mepadik marriage system in terms of time, then the time used was less when compared to the selarian system. The implications of changing marital behavior in terms of energy, then the energy needed in the marriage process that uses the mepadik system will use less energy when compared to the selarian system. In terms of financing, the occurrence of cost efficiency in the mepadik marriage system.

PERSEPSI REMAJA PUTRI TERHADAP KECENDERUNGAN PERILAKU PERNIKAHAN DINI

Abstrak Pernikahan dini masih banyak terjadi di Indonesia. Pernikahan dini yaitu pernikahan yang dilakukan pada usia kurang dari 20 tahun. Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi pernikahan dini adalah persepsi. Persepsi dipengaruhi sikap dalam menentukan pernikahan dini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari hubungan persepsi remaja putri dengan Kecenderungan perilaku pernikahan dini di Desa Kesamben Kulon Kecamatan Wringinanom Gresik. Metode : penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik korelasional dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 140 remaja putri di Desa Kesamben Kulon Kecamatan Wringinanom Gresik sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi. Sampling yang dilakukan dengan purposive sampling. Variabel bebas dalam penelitian ini adalah persepsi kerentanan, persespsi keseriusan, persepsi ancaman, persepsi manfaat dan persepsi kendala, sedangkan variabel tergantung adalah Kecenderungan perilaku pernikahan dini. Untuk mengetahui tingkat signifikan, data yang terkumpul akan diuji dengan statistik Spearman Rank pada tingkat kemaknaan α = 0,05. Hasil : hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa sebagian besar memiliki persepsi kerentanan rendah (53,6), persepsi keseriusan tinggi (64,3%)), persepsi ancaman rendah (75,7%), persepsi manfaat tinggi (62,1%), persepsi kendala rendah (68,6%). Hampir seluruhnya mengalami Kecenderungan perilaku pernikahan dini rendah (96,4%). Setelah uji Spearman Rank diperoleh ada hubungan persepsi kerentanan, keseriusan, ancaman dan kendala dengan kecenderungan perilaku pernikahan dini. Sedangkan variabel persepsi manfaat tidak terdapat hubungan Kecenderungan perilaku pernikahan dini. Kesimpulan : Hubungan persepsi kerentanan dengan kecenderungan perilaku pernikahan dini memiliki keeratan yang paling tinggi sebesar r = 0,604.Abstract Background: Early marriage still occurs a lot in Indonesia. Early marriage is a marriage performed at less than 20 years of age. One of the factors that influence early marriage is perception. This research aims to study the relationship of perception of young women with the tendency of early marriage behaviour in Kesamben Kulon village of Gresik's Wringinanom district. Methods: This research was a correlational analytical research with a cross sectional approach. The number of sample was 140 young women in Kesamben Kulon village Wringinanom Gresik in accordance for inclusion criteria. Sampling was done by purposive sampling. The independent variables in this study were the perception of vulnerability, severity, threat, perception and barrier, while the dependent variable was the tendency of early marital behavior. To determine a significant level, the collected data tested by Spearman Rank at the level of the significance of α = 0.05. Results: the results of this research was most of respondens have a low perception of vulnerability perception (53.6%), high saverity perception 64.3%), low threat perception (75.7%), high benefit perception (62.1%), low constraint perception (68.6%). Most of them experienced the tendency behavior of low early marriage (96.4%). After the Spearman Rank test, there was a relationship perception vulnerability, saverity, threat and barrier tendency early marriage behavior. While perception benefit no have relationship tendency of early marriage behavior. Conclusion: The relationship between perception of vulnerability with potential early marriage behavior has the highest density with r = 0.604.

Pengaturan Hubungan Menyimpang di Luar Perkawinan bagi Lesbian Dan Gay dalam Perspektif Hukum Hindu

Marriage is a physical and mental bond between a man and a woman as husband and wife with the aim of forming a happy and eternal family (household) based on the One Godhead. Humans were created to pair men with women in order to continue the lineage, but there are a group of people who behave like the same sex and want to legalize their actions up to the level of marriage through the laws in force in their country. This of course cannot be accepted by some people who contradict same-sex marriage behavior which is commonly referred to as Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender, hereinafter referred to as LGBT. This study aims to explain the arrangement of deviant relationships outside of marriage for LGBT people in the perspective of Hindu law. The second one describes the religious perspective in dealing with LGBT perpetrators. This research is designed to use normative legal research with a juridical approach through the hermenutic method. The data used are secondary and primary data which are analyzed qualitatively. The results show Hinduism, there is no single verse or ceremony which legalizes that gay and lesbi can have a marriage or relationship, meaning that it is not allowed to marry, especially with a sacred ceremony, Vedic mantra puja, the second one should not isolate or discriminate but provide education to treat Humanly, gay and lesbian perpetrators must provide protection or educate the perpetrator whether he is accommodated in a place and then given direction or counseling so that the perpetrator is aware of LGBT behavior.

Countermeasures to Japan's declining birthrate: history, current situation and problems

PurposeSince 1974, Japan's total fertility rate has been constantly below replacement level. The purpose of this paper is to focus on Japan's low fertility issue and countermeasures that were adopted, in order to explore the reasons why the countermeasures were unable to solve the problem?Design/methodology/approachThe paper analyzes both the historical changes and the current situation of Japan's countermeasures. It also focuses on how in Japan marriage behavior and couples' fertility behavior changed during the implementation of the countermeasures from both objective and subjective perspectives. Based on results of the analysis, the paper explores the inherent problems regarding the countermeasures.FindingsThe paper shows that there is no sign that Japan's low fertility could be overcome, and puts forward three problems regarding the countermeasures. The paper suggests paying greater attention to the contradictions in the current policies and to go beyond the field of family policy and population policy to consider the following questions from a more macro perspective: (1) how to make fertility more desirable and meaningful and (2) how to encourage the related social systems to promote people's spontaneity both in marriage and childbearing.Originality/valueThe paper uses the latest data and focuses on analyzing the countermeasures from a more macro perspective rather than discussing specific problems of the countermeasures. Based on both objective data and subjective views and, given the characteristics of Japanese society, the paper explores in depth the problems regarding the countermeasures. By improving empirical knowledge, the paper seeks to contribute more generally to low fertility countries' “fertility revival”.

COMMUNICATIVE BEHAVIOR OF MODERN UDMURT WOMEN: SCENARIOS, STRATEGIES, PRACTICES

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the communicative behavior generations of Udmurt women in the 20th and the early 21st century. The relevance of the article is due to the existing public demand for coverage of regional women's history and gender history. Main attention is paid to the requirements imposed by society on the behavior of the Udmurt woman. The result of a comparative analysis of the communicative behavior of two generations of women showed changes in premarital and marriage behavior. The author notes that the realities of modern life make their own corrections, including disproportions. And so the modern udmurt woman is not only the keeper of the home, but she becomes the main source of income in her family. She becomes less closed, more communicative. In this connection, Udmurt women have to overcome their modesty and shyness to develop self-presentation skills, which undoubtedly affects the strategies of communicative behavior implemented by them.

Age of Marriage, Weather Shocks, and the Direction of Marriage Payments

We study how aggregate economic conditions affect the timing of marriage, and particularly child marriage, in Sub‐Saharan Africa and in India. In both regions, substantial monetary or in‐kind transfers occur with marriage: bride price across Sub‐Saharan Africa and dowry in India. In a simple equilibrium model of the marriage market in which parents choose when their children marry, income shocks affect the age of marriage because marriage payments are a source of consumption smoothing, particularly for a woman's family. As predicted by our model, we show that droughts, which reduce annual crop yields by 10 to 15% and aggregate income by 4 to 5%, have opposite effects on the marriage behavior of a sample of 400,000 women in the two regions: in Sub‐Saharan Africa they increase the annual hazard into child marriage by 3%, while in India droughts reduce such a hazard by 4%. Changes in the age of marriage due to droughts are associated with changes in fertility, especially in Sub‐Saharan Africa, and with declines in observed marriage payments. Our results indicate that the age of marriage responds to short‐term changes in aggregate economic conditions and that marriage payments determine the sign of this response. This suggests that, in order to design successful policies to combat child marriage and improve investments in daughters' human capital, it is crucial to understand the economic role of marriage market institutions.