The Ecclesiastical Colonization of Central America

Dependency theory, which places responsibility for the underdevelopment of the peripheral zones of the world economy upon the North Atlantic core, might well be called a Latin American invention. It goes back, after all, to an article published in 1949 by the Argentine economist Raul Prebisch. Since that time, acceptance of the basic argument — which emphasizes intercontinental trade — has grown, also among historians. Economic dependence with respect to the North Atlantic world began during the colonial era, and forms the principal legacy of that period of Latin American history, according to Stanley and Barbara Stein's The Colonial Heritage of Latin America, first published in 1970 and now in its tenth printing.1 This view has it that economic dependence grew out of Spanish exploitation of American gold and silver, + maritime commerce in tropical plantation products. The entire Spanish colonial world in America would appear to have rested on these two pillars.

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The Barriers to Proletarianization: Bolivian Mine Labour, 1826–1918

International Review of Social History ◽

10.1017/s0020859000114269 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 41 (S4) ◽

pp. 27-51 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Erick D. Langer

Keyword(s):

Latin American ◽

North Atlantic ◽

Mining Industry ◽

Raw Material ◽

Export Orientation ◽

The North ◽

The World ◽

Primary Goods ◽

The North Atlantic ◽

The Rich

Labour history in Latin America has, to a great degree, followed the models set by the rich historiography in Europe and North America. Other than a justifiable concern with the peculiarities in production for export of primary goods, much of the Latin American historiography suggests that the process of labour formation was rather similar to that of the North Atlantic economies, only lagging behind, as did industrialization in this region of the world. However, this was not the case. The export orientation of the mining industry and its peripheral location in the world economy introduced certain modifications not found in the North Atlantic economies. The vagaries of the mining industry, exacerbated by the severe swings in raw material prices, created conditions which hindered proletarianization and modified the consciousness of the mine workers.

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Developing Economies and Global Governance: Will IMF Rethink Its Orthodox View?

Management and Economics Research Journal ◽

10.18639/merj.2018.04.521867 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 04 (S1) ◽

pp. 67

Author(s):

Manjula Jain ◽

Himanshu Gupta ◽

◽

Keyword(s):

International Organizations ◽

North Atlantic ◽

World Economy ◽

Developing Economies ◽

Developed Economies ◽

The North ◽

The World ◽

The North Atlantic ◽

Orthodox View ◽

The Imf

It has been constantly viewed that the developed economies unevenly ruled the governance structures in the international organizations such as International Monetary Fund (MF). The continuous development in Emerging and Developing Economies (EDEs) over the last 20 years witnessed their growing importance in the world economy, but at the same time little increase in their voice in the IMF. There are reasons for the discontent of the EDEs in the present structure such as the increase of regional monetary arrangements, uneven distribution of quota shares, IMF quota reforms, and IMF voting structure. The world economy is witnessing a tremendous growth of these EDEs and is now at the verge where Asian economies are capable of leading, rather than the North Atlantic economies. This issue should be acknowledged properly and must be responded adequately. This paper makes an attempt to understand the prime issues that should be fixed in the current quotas system and voting structure in the IMF.

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Hemispheric Models of Material Progress in New Granada and Colombia (1810-1930)

Co-herencia ◽

10.17230/co-herencia.13.25.9 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 13 (25) ◽

pp. 261-279

Author(s):

Jairo Campuzano

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Nineteenth Century ◽

Latin American ◽

North Atlantic ◽

The United States ◽

New Granada ◽

The North ◽

The North Atlantic ◽

Material Progress

This article argues that New Granadian and Co-lombian leaders examined models of material and intellectual progress in the United States and in their neighboring countries within the hemisphere. For many Spanish-Americans, the material progress already achieved by the United States and the North Atlantic overall was an idealized end, and they looked at some U.S. institutions as potential templates. As for the means to meet such an idealized end, influential people in New Granada and Colombia found among their neighboring countries a more pragmatic set of experiences that would help them foster progress in their own right. Over the second half of the nineteenth century, and more acti-vely when turning into the twentieth, some Colombian leaders sought to follow the example of countries such as Argentina, one of the front-runners of Latin American contemporary progress.

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The Currents of the North Atlantic

Scientific American ◽

10.1038/scientificamerican09171892-13940supp ◽

1892 ◽

Vol 34 (872supp) ◽

pp. 13940-13941

Author(s):

Richard Beynon

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

The North ◽

The North Atlantic

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Power-feed equipment for the North Atlantic link

Proceedings of the IEE - Part B Radio and Electronic Engineering ◽

10.1049/pi-b-1.1957.0006 ◽

1957 ◽

Vol 104 (4S) ◽

pp. 51-59

Author(s):

G.W. Meszaros ◽

H.H. Spencer

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

The North ◽

The North Atlantic

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NATO adaptation to current challenges and mechanisms of Ukraine’s cooperation with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Public administration and local government ◽

10.33287/101910 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 73-81

Author(s):

Oleh Poshedin

Keyword(s):

North Atlantic ◽

Task Force ◽

Response Force ◽

Cyber Attack ◽

Adaptation Measures ◽

Joint Force ◽

Security Environment ◽

The North ◽

The North Atlantic ◽

Area Of Influence

The purpose of the article is to describe the changes NATO undergoing in response to the challenges of our time. Today NATO, as a key element of European and Euro-Atlantic security, is adapting to changes in the modern security environment by increasing its readiness and ability to respond to any threat. Adaptation measures include the components required to ensure that the Alliance can fully address the security challenges it might face. Responsiveness NATO Response Force enhanced by developing force packages that are able to move rapidly and respond to potential challenges and threats. As part of it, was established a Very High Readiness Joint Task Force, a new Allied joint force that deploy within a few days to respond to challenges that arise, particularly at the periphery of NATO’s territory. NATO emphasizes, that cyber defence is part of NATO’s core task of collective defence. A decision as to when a cyber attack would lead to the invocation of Article 5 would be taken by the North Atlantic Council on a case-by-case basis. Cooperation with NATO already contributes to the implementation of national security and defense in state policy. At the same time, taking into account that all decision-making in NATO based on consensus, Ukraine’s membership in the Alliance quite vague perspective. In such circumstances, in Ukraine you often can hear the idea of announcement of a neutral status. It is worth reminding that non-aligned status did not save Ukraine from Russian aggression. Neutral status will not accomplish it either. All talks about neutrality and the impossibility of Ukraine joining NATO are nothing but manipulations, as well as recognition of the Ukrainian territory as Russian Federation area of influence (this country seeks to sabotage the Euro-Atlantic movement of Ukraine). Think about it, Moldova’s Neutrality is enshrined in the country’s Constitution since 1994. However, this did not help Moldova to restore its territorial integrity and to force Russia to withdraw its troops and armaments from Transnistria.

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