CONSUMPTION AND LIVING STANDARDS IN BUENOS AIRES. CONSUMER BASKETS AND INCOME BETWEEN THE LATE COLONIAL AGE AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-342
Author(s):  
Daniel Santilli
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Western World ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
The 19Th Century

ABSTRACTBased on primary sources, baskets of consumption for Buenos Aires are reconstructed for the 1780-1820 period, applying current international methodologies. They build on previous work based on 1835 data. It can be seen that the consumption pattern did not vary substantially in the period and, considering the salary of both urban and rural workers, we are able to establish that standards of living were high and experienced a significant increase after 1835, especially during the 1840s. This placed Buenos Aires among the cities of the Western world with highest welfare ratio levels.

scholarly journals The African slave population of Portuguese India

2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo C. Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
African Population ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
African Slave ◽  
Population Displacement ◽  
Social Scale ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Slave Population

This article is primarily concerned with quantifying the African(-born) population in the early Portuguese settlements in India and defining its linguistic profile, as a means to understand the extent and limitations of its impact on the emerging Indo-Portuguese creoles. Apart from long-established commercial links (including the slave trade) between East Africa and India, which could have facilitated linguistic interchange between the two regions, Smith (1984) and Clements (2000) also consider that the long African sojourn of all those travelling the Cape Route may have transported an African-developed pidgin to Asia. In this article, I concentrate on population displacement brought about by the slave trade. Published sources and data uncovered during archival research permit a characterisation of the African population in terms of (a) their numbers (relative to the overall population), (b) their origin, and (c) their position within the colonial social scale. The scenario that emerges for most territories of Portuguese India is that of a significant slave population distributed over the colonial households in small numbers, in what is best described as a ‘homestead society’ (Chaudenson 1992, 2001). It is also made evident that there was a steady influx of slave imports well into the 19th century, and that the Bantu-speaking regions of modern-day Mozambique were the primary sources of slaves for the trade with Portuguese India.

Humanitarianism, Development, and Security in the 21st Century: Lessons from the Syrian Refugee Crisis

2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 382-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nell Gabiam
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Western World ◽  
World War ◽  
Humanitarian Action ◽  
Syrian Refugee Crisis ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The 19Th Century

The term humanitarianism finds its roots in 19th-century Europe and is generally defined as the “impartial, neutral, and independent provision of relief to victims of conflict and natural disasters.” Behind this definition lies a dynamic history. According to political scientists Michael Barnett and Thomas G. Weiss, this history can be divided into three phases. From the 19th century to World War II, humanitarianism was a reaction to the perceived breakdown of society and the emergence of moral ills caused by rapid industrialization within Europe. The era between World War II and the 1990s saw the emergence of many of today's nongovernmental and intergovernmental organizations. These organizations sought to address the suffering caused by World War I and World War II, but also turned their gaze toward the non-Western world, which was in the process of decolonization. The third phase began in the 1990s, after the end of the Cold War, and witnessed an expansion of humanitarianism. One characteristic of this expansion is the increasing prominence of states, regional organizations, and the United Nations in the field of humanitarian action. Their increased prominence has been paralleled by a growing linkage between humanitarian concerns and the issue of state, regional, and global security. Is it possible that, in the 21st century, humanitarianism is entering a new (fourth) phase? And, if so, what role have events in the Middle East played in ushering it in? I seek to answer these questions by focusing on regional consultations that took place between June 2014 and July 2015 in preparation for the first ever World Humanitarian Summit (WHS), scheduled to take place in Istanbul in May 2016.

Southeastern institutional change and biological variation: evidence from the 19th century Tennessee State Prison

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
SCOTT ALAN CARSON
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Established Method ◽  
State Prison ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Males ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Height Data

Abstract:The use of height data to measure living standards is now a well-established method in economics, and a number of core findings in the literature are widely agreed upon. There are still some populations, places, and times, however, for which anthropometric evidence remains thin. This paper introduces a new dataset from the Tennessee State Prison to track the heights of comparable black and white males born between 1820 and 1906. Shorter statures were associated with close proximity to the Mississippi River, and the largest share of the white–black stature gap was associated with nativity. Black and white statures declined throughout the 19th century, and farmers were taller than non-farmers.

scholarly journals Toys between the Ludic and the Pedagogical Perspective in Late 19th Century Romania

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-30
Author(s):  
Cătălina Mihalache
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Differentiation ◽  
Western World ◽  
Late 19Th Century ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper proposes to identify what the 19th century brought as novelties in the “life” of toys, seen as items dedicated explicitly to children; I have focused, naturally, on the Romanian case. By correlating the accounts to which I had access, I was able to outline certain evolutions in the manufacture, use, purchase, and characteristics ascribed to toys in that period. I have noted, first of all, the social differentiation in terms of toy consumption. The lower classes – defined by their views of childhood, material resources and well-delimited systems of gratification/rewarding – used more or less the same games and toys. Wealthier classes recorded a more diversified consumption, with urban influences, while the children of the elites became increasingly familiar with the offers of the Western world, brought directly from the source or just copied here. Another highlighted aspect is the increase in standardisation and even the industrialisation of toy production.

scholarly journals Oksidentalisme ; Membuka Kedok Imperalisme Barat

At-Tuhfah ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Yogi prana Izza
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Western Culture ◽  
Theory Of Knowledge ◽  
Western World ◽  
Dutch Politics ◽  
Contemporary Politics ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Ancient Civilizations ◽  
The 19Th Century

Occidentalism is the opposite of orientalism. If Orientalism serves as a theory of knowledge that is used to study the eastern world (Islam), then the reverse is occidentalism is used to study the Western world. One of the initiators of Occidentalism figure is Hasan Hanafi. Through his Occidentalism theory, this paper seeks to unmask imperialism Dutch politics in Java in the 19th century and the beginning of 20. The result is a political culture that is used Dutch ancient times, same the patterns with contemporary politics in the present era. Thus, it is time, the reality of contemporary addressed wisely. As the purpose of Occidentalism’s Hassan Hanafi is to awaken people to the project called "atturast wa at-tajdid" (Heritage Civilization and Renewal) and the reality of the present (al-waqi ') can be addressed wisely by doing the reconstruction of the heritage of ancient civilizations (at-turast al-Qodim), as well as the position of al-ana confirmation before Western culture (al-Akhar)

scholarly journals Islam als Problem: Celal Nuri und Ahmed Hilmis (Filibeli) spätosmanischer Materialismusstreit

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Enur Imeri
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual History ◽  
Traditional Knowledge ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Popular Literature ◽  
Frame Of Reference ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
The West ◽  
Epistemological Tradition ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Late Ottoman

AbstractThe so-called Materialismusstreit evolved in the second half of the 19th century as a new genre of popular literature and was carried out as a public debate mainly by German popularisers. In the Ottoman context, however, the reception of the Materialismusstreit demonstrates how a universalised perception of the West had already become the main frame of reference among secularly educated Ottoman intelligentsia in the course of late Ottoman modernity. This fact not only constitutively shaped their modern discourse on Islam. Moreover, it brought about at the same time fundamental semantic shifts in concepts holding a prominent role within the Islamicate epistemological tradition. Consequently, the entanglement between this abovementioned frame of reference and concepts inherited from a traditional knowledge order resulted in a conceptual rupture with the traditional epistemologies. In an attempt to exemplify the argument, this paper builds on a less-known dispute on materialism between Celal Nuri and Ahmed Hilmi (Filibeli), and shows the transformation in their usage of epistemic concepts such as ʿilm, fenn, and dīn, as well as their reception of the Orientalist Islam discourse. Prior to the analysis of two core primary sources, the first part of this paper elaborates on the theoretical and methodological modalities of making fruitful the intellectual output of late Ottoman modernity for a globally entangled intellectual history.

scholarly journals Ni "campo" ni "mundo": Aportes y herramientas para historiar la cultura musical de principios del siglo XIX en Buenos Aires = Neither "field" nor "world": Contributions and theoretical tools to historicise the musical culture of the early 19th century in Buenos Aires

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 287
Author(s):  
Guillermina Guillamon
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Musical Culture ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
Sociology Of Music ◽  
The Social ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
The 19Th Century

Resumen: En el presente artículo se analizan y sistematizan diversos trabajos provenientes tanto de la historia cultural como de la sociología, con el objetivo de señalar herramientas conceptuales y perspectivas metodológicas que permiten problematizar el análisis de la cultura musical de principios de siglo XIX. El fin último es, entonces, mostrar cómo a partir de diversos aportes teóricos y analíticos, la música constituye un objeto de estudio posible de ser abordado por las ciencias sociales.Palabras clave: Cultura musical, historia cultural, sociología de la música, Buenos Aires siglo XIX.Abstract: This article analyses and systematises works from both cultural history and sociology, in order to point out conceptual tools and methodological perspectives that allow the analysis of musical culture at the beginning of the 19th century to be problematised. The main objective is to show how, based on diverse theoretical and analytical contributions, music constitutes an object of study that can be addressed by the social sciences.Key words: Musical culture, cultural history, sociology of music, Buenos Aires 19th century.

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