Southeastern institutional change and biological variation: evidence from the 19th century Tennessee State Prison

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
SCOTT ALAN CARSON
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Established Method ◽  
State Prison ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Males ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Height Data

Abstract:The use of height data to measure living standards is now a well-established method in economics, and a number of core findings in the literature are widely agreed upon. There are still some populations, places, and times, however, for which anthropometric evidence remains thin. This paper introduces a new dataset from the Tennessee State Prison to track the heights of comparable black and white males born between 1820 and 1906. Shorter statures were associated with close proximity to the Mississippi River, and the largest share of the white–black stature gap was associated with nativity. Black and white statures declined throughout the 19th century, and farmers were taller than non-farmers.

NINETEENTH CENTURY MEXICAN STATURES IN THE UNITED STATES AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP WITH INSOLATION AND VITAMIN D

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
SCOTT ALAN CARSON
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
The United States ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Established Method ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
The Us ◽  
Height Data

SummaryThe use of height data to measure living standards is now a well-established method in economics. However, there are still some populations, places and times for which the comparison across groups remains unclear. One example is 19th century Mexicans in the US. This study demonstrates that after comparing the statures of Mexicans born in Mexico and the US the primary source of the stature difference between the two groups was birth year, and the stature gap increased as the US economy developed while the Mexican economy stagnated. Moreover, the stature growth of Mexicans born in the US was related to vitamin D, and the Mexican relationship between stature and insolation was more like that of Europeans than Africans.

INEQUALITY IN THE AMERICAN SOUTH: EVIDENCE FROM THE NINETEENTH CENTURY MISSOURI STATE PRISON

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
SCOTT ALAN CARSON
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Economic History ◽  
American South ◽  
White Men ◽  
Data Set ◽  
State Prison ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Border States ◽  
The American South ◽  
The 19Th Century

SummaryThe use of height data to measure living standards is now a well-established method in economic history. Moreover, a number of core findings in the literature are widely agreed upon. There are still some populations, places and times, however, for which anthropometric evidence remains thin. One example is 19th century African-Americans in US border-states. This paper introduces a new data set from the Missouri state prison to track the heights of comparable black and white men born between 1820 and 1904. Modern blacks and whites come to comparable terminal statures when brought to maturity under optimal conditions; however, whites were persistently taller than blacks in the Missouri prison sample by two centimetres. Throughout the 19th century, black and white adult statures remained approximately constant, while black youth stature increased during the antebellum period.

Kontrast und Wissen

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-102
Author(s):  
Robin Rehm
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Edmund Husserl ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Max Scheler ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Black Circle ◽  
Black Cross ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
The 19Th Century

Kasimir Malewitschs suprematistische Hauptwerke ›Schwarzes Quadrat‹, ›Schwarzer Kreis‹ und ›Schwarzes Kreuz‹ von 1915 setzen sich aus schwarzen Formen auf weißem Grund zusammen. Der Typus des Schwarzweißbildes weist überraschende Parallelen zu den bildlichen Wahrnehmungsinstrumenten auf, die vom ausgehenden 18. bis Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts in den Experimenten der Farbenlehre, physiologischen Optik und Psychologie verwendet worden sind. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht diese Parallelen in drei Schritten: Zunächst erfolgt eine allgemeine Charakterisierung des Schwarzweißbildes mit Hilfe des Kontrastbegriffs von Edmund Husserl. Des weiteren wird die Entstehung und Funktion des schwarzweißen Kontrastbildes in den Wissenschaften des 19. Jahrhunderts typologisch herausgearbeitet. Unter Berücksichtigung des Wissensbegriffs von Max Scheler wird abschließend die Spezifik des Wissens eruiert, das die Schwarzweißbilder sowohl in der Malerei Malewitschs als auch in den genannten Wissenschaften generieren. Malevich’s main Suprematist works, such as ›Black Square‹, ›Black Circle‹, and ›Black Cross‹ from 1915, consist of black shapes on white ground. Surprisingly this series of shapes strongly resembles scientific black-and-white images used for research on colour theory, physiological optics, and psychology throughout the 19th century. This paper examines the parallels between Malevich’s paintings and the scientific drawings in three steps: It first characterizes black-and-white images in general, using Edmund Husserl’s definition of the term ›contrast‹. Secondly, the paper investigates the development and function of black-and-white images as tools of perception in the sciences. It finally discusses the specific knowledge generated through Malevich’s art and through scientific black-and-white images, following Max Scheler’s phenomenological identification of knowledge.

CONSUMPTION AND LIVING STANDARDS IN BUENOS AIRES. CONSUMER BASKETS AND INCOME BETWEEN THE LATE COLONIAL AGE AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-342
Author(s):  
Daniel Santilli
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Western World ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Rural Workers ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
The 19Th Century

ABSTRACTBased on primary sources, baskets of consumption for Buenos Aires are reconstructed for the 1780-1820 period, applying current international methodologies. They build on previous work based on 1835 data. It can be seen that the consumption pattern did not vary substantially in the period and, considering the salary of both urban and rural workers, we are able to establish that standards of living were high and experienced a significant increase after 1835, especially during the 1840s. This placed Buenos Aires among the cities of the Western world with highest welfare ratio levels.

The Effect of Geography and Vitamin D on African American Stature in the Nineteenth Century: Evidence from Prison Records

2008 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 812-831 ◽  
Author(s):  
SCOTT ALAN CARSON
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Vitamin D ◽  
African American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Established Method ◽  
Black Farmers ◽  
Antebellum Period ◽  
Blacks And Whites ◽  
Height Data

The use of height data to measure living standards is now a well-established method in economic literature. Although blacks and whites today reach similar terminal statures in the United States, nineteenth-century African American statures were consistently shorter than those of whites. Greater insolation (vitamin D production) is documented here to be associated with taller black statures. Black farmers were taller than workers in other occupations, and, ironically, black youth statures increased during the antebellum period and decreased with slavery's elimination.

RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN BODY MASS INDICES FOR MALE CONVICTS IN NINETEENTH CENTURY PENNSYLVANIA

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
SCOTT ALAN CARSON
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Middle Atlantic ◽  
Urbanized Areas ◽  
Biological Living Standards

SummaryThis paper demonstrates that although modern BMIs have increased, 19th century Middle-Atlantic black and white BMIs were in the normal range; neither underweight nor obese individuals were common. Farmers’ BMIs were consistently heavier than non-farmers. Philadelphia residents’ BMIs were lower than elsewhere within Pennsylvania, indicating that urbanization and agricultural commercialization were associated with current biological living standards in urbanized areas.

scholarly journals Analysis of Pigments and Damages for the 19th Century White-Robed Water-Moon Avalokitesvara Painting in Gongju Magoksa Temple, Korea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hye Ri Yang ◽  
Chan Hee Lee ◽  
Jeongeun Yi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
White Lead ◽  
Rear Wall ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Modern Era

Abstract The White-Robed Water-Moon Avalokiteshvara painting displayed on the rear wall of Daegwangbojeon (main hall) in Magoksa temple, is one of the representative Buddhist paintings in the late 19th century of Korea, and a valuable resource for understanding the coloring techniques and characteristics of Buddhist paintings in terms of expression and description in landscape painting. In this painting, the contours and colored surface remain undamaged, but blistering and exfoliation appear on some pigment layers. Furthermore, the partial decomposition of wooden materials due to wood-decay fungi and insect damage were found on the rear wall requiring proper treatment for long-term conservation. As the results of chromaticity and P-XRF analysis regarding the color pigment layer of the painting, the pigments were classified into ten types. The results suggest that the colors other than blue, green, yellow, red, black, and white were prepared by mixing two or more pigments. The types of pigments according to colors, were determined as traditional pigments with azurite; emerald green or clinoatacamite; massicot; minium or hematite; Chinese ink; and kaolin, white lead, and gypsum, respectively. Violet and pink colors were assumed to have been prepared by mixing white with blue and red. In most of these pigments, small amounts of synthetic compositions from the modern era were detected at many points.

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