The Attempts of Raffles to Establish A British Base in South-East Asia, 1818–1819

1960 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Tay

In the year 1814, Great Britain, recuperating from the effects of the Napoleonic Wars and anxious to protect itself against another outbreak of “Revolutionary Madness”, determined to restore the balance of power in Europe. To this end, it turned its attention towards the problem of rebuilding a strong and united Kingdom of Holland. Because the stability of this new Kingdom depended on the prosperity it could derive from its colonial possessions, Britain restored to it, by the Anglo-Dutch Convention of 1814, all the factories and establishments which Holland had possessed in the Eastern Seas at the commencement of 1803. These were Java and its dependencies, Celebes and the smaller islands situated in the Straits of Macassar, the Moluccas, Malacca on the Malay Peninsula, and various establishments on the island of Sumatra. Great Britain also ceded to the Dutch the island of Banca.

Significance The United Kingdom eyes a strategic tilt to the Indo-Pacific, with South-east Asia a key focus because of its economic dynamism and the convening power of ASEAN. The aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth will deploy to the Indo-Pacific for six months later this year. Impacts The United Kingdom’s view of China as a systemic challenger makes a trade pact between the two countries unlikely. UK efforts to conclude a trade deal with India will be frustrated by Delhi’s protectionist approach. London will pursue closer defence cooperation with Tokyo.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Mohd Mizan Mohammad Aslam

<p>This study analyzes the existence and political history of Kumpulan Militan Malaysia (Malaysia Militant Group-KMM); the most spectacular Muslim militant group to recently emerge from Malaysia. Using an interpretive framework derived from typology of radicalism, this study exposes the roots of the group and its transformation into a militant movement. Based on extensive fieldwork, numerous interviews and in-depth research of related documents, this study demonstrates that the existence of KMM cannot be dissociated from Afghanistan’s global Jihadist campaign.  This study analyzes the activities of KMM in the context of radical Islam in the South East Asia region and its wider connection, particularly with the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI). Findings from fieldwork research conducted with active and ex-members of KMM and JI are presented to find the answer to the question pertaining the involvement of these two groups in terrorism activities in Southeast Asia.  Southeast Asian contemporary social and political scenarios have been build-up from a long history of rebellious freedom fighters against colonial super-powers. In addition to nationalism, Islamization has also played a significant role in establishing freedom movements in the 1940s and 1950s. Systematic pressure under colonial powers and harsh policies implemented by ultra nationalists to these groups resulted in a series of rebellions and defiance such as what happened in Indonesia, Southern Thailand and the Southern Philippines. Historical facts led to radicalism in these countries, which are important for gaining a better knowledge about Muslim radicalism in Southeast Asia also presented in this thesis.  The ‘typology of radicalism’ - the transformation from ‘nominal believers’ to activists, extremists, radicals and terrorists is explained in this research. Understanding Islam and their willingness to perform Jihad as was carried out in Afghanistan has had a significant impact on today’s militants. Finally, this research suggests the best methods for overcoming radicalism and diffusing KMM and JI’s threat in Southeast Asia.</p>


Significance This follows the June 23 'Brexit' referendum, in which 52% of those voting called for the government to organise the United Kingdom's exit from the EU. The vote and subsequent leadership transition pose a foreign policy watershed. Impacts South-east Asian states will seek trade deals with the post-Brexit United Kingdom. The diplomatic importance of UK defence and intelligence aid to South-east Asia will grow. France may become more important for the EU to project its influence in South-east Asia.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Mohd Mizan Mohammad Aslam

<p>This study analyzes the existence and political history of Kumpulan Militan Malaysia (Malaysia Militant Group-KMM); the most spectacular Muslim militant group to recently emerge from Malaysia. Using an interpretive framework derived from typology of radicalism, this study exposes the roots of the group and its transformation into a militant movement. Based on extensive fieldwork, numerous interviews and in-depth research of related documents, this study demonstrates that the existence of KMM cannot be dissociated from Afghanistan’s global Jihadist campaign.  This study analyzes the activities of KMM in the context of radical Islam in the South East Asia region and its wider connection, particularly with the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI). Findings from fieldwork research conducted with active and ex-members of KMM and JI are presented to find the answer to the question pertaining the involvement of these two groups in terrorism activities in Southeast Asia.  Southeast Asian contemporary social and political scenarios have been build-up from a long history of rebellious freedom fighters against colonial super-powers. In addition to nationalism, Islamization has also played a significant role in establishing freedom movements in the 1940s and 1950s. Systematic pressure under colonial powers and harsh policies implemented by ultra nationalists to these groups resulted in a series of rebellions and defiance such as what happened in Indonesia, Southern Thailand and the Southern Philippines. Historical facts led to radicalism in these countries, which are important for gaining a better knowledge about Muslim radicalism in Southeast Asia also presented in this thesis.  The ‘typology of radicalism’ - the transformation from ‘nominal believers’ to activists, extremists, radicals and terrorists is explained in this research. Understanding Islam and their willingness to perform Jihad as was carried out in Afghanistan has had a significant impact on today’s militants. Finally, this research suggests the best methods for overcoming radicalism and diffusing KMM and JI’s threat in Southeast Asia.</p>


Survival ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-118
Author(s):  
Peter Polomka

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Indah Novitasari

This article discusses the relevance phenomenon of the world community's dependence on the use of cyber space, and the form of cyber security cooperation in Southeast Asia after ASEAN Community 2015. The use of cyber as an implication of information and communication technology progresses not only gives positive impact by shortening the distance, space and time, but in fact negatively impacted by the emergence a new generation of non-traditional threats which called cybercrime. This non-traditional threat appears latent, but has a massive impact on countries in Southeast Asia that have relatively high cyber consumptive levels with low cyber security. This spectrum of non-traditional threats needs to be addressed by efforts to implement a regional cooperation in order to strengthen the civic resilience actively within the global and regional framework. After ASEAN Community 2015, the integration of the region in various fields has also opened the vulnerability of various countries in the region against cybercrime. In facing this threat, ASEAN needs to create a more comprehensive cyber security cooperation framework through cyber security regime in Southeast Asia as an implementation of ASEAN values ​​and norms in realizing the stability of the region. The cyber security regime in Southeast Asia is considered to be a rational choice especially in achieving ASEAN Connectivity in 2025 as an agenda in realizing integration in Southeast Asia   Keywords: Cyber, Cyber Security Cooperation in South East Asia, Cyber Security Regime in South East Asia, ASEAN Connectivity 2025.     Abstrak   Artikel ini merupakan kajian yang membahas keterkaitan fenomena ketergantungan masyarakat dunia terhadap penggunaan ruang Siber, dan bentuk kerjasama Keamanan Siber di kawasan Asia Tenggara pasca berjalannya ASEAN Community tahun 2015. Penggunaan siber sebagai implikasi kemajuan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi, tidak hanya memberikan dampak positif dengan mempersingkat jarak, ruang dan waktu, namun nyatanya memberikan dampak negative dengan munculnya ancaman non-tradisional generasi baru yaitu kejahatan siber. Ancaman non-tradisional ini muncul secara laten, namun berdampak massif bagi negara-negara di Kawasan Asia Tenggara yang memiliki tingkat konsumtif siber relatif tinggi dengan keamanan siber yang rendah. Spektrum ancaman non-tradisional ini kemudian perlu disikapi dengan upaya melaksanakan sebuah kerjasama regional guna memperkuat ketahanan siber yang dilakukan secara aktif dalam kerangka global dan regional. Pasca Komunitas ASEAN 2015, integrasi kawasan dalam berbagai bidang nyatanya juga telah membuka kerentanan berbagai Negara di kawasan terhadap serangan kejahatan siber. Dalam menghadapi ancaman ini, maka ASEAN perlu membuat sebuah kerangka kerjasama keamanan siber yang lebih komprehensif melalui rejim keamanan siber di Asia Tenggara sebagai sebuah implementasi nilai dan norma ASEAN dalam mewujudkan stabilitas kawasan. Rejim Keamanan Siber di Asia Tenggara dinilai menjadi sebuah pilihan rasional terlebih dalam mencapai konektivitas ASEAN tahun 2025 sebagai sebuah agenda dalam mewujudkan integrasi di kawasan Asia Tenggara.   Kata Kunci: Siber, Kerjasama Keamanan Siber di Asia Tenggara, Rejim Keamanan Siber di Asia Tenggara, ASEAN Connectivity 2025  


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