scholarly journals Two Treatises on Astronomical Instruments by cABD Al-Munc IM Al-cĀmilī & Qāsim cAlī Al-Qāyinī

1987 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 215-225
Author(s):  
S.M. Razaullah Ansari ◽  
S.A. Khan Ghori
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Trigonometric Functions ◽  
West Central ◽  
Astronomical Instruments ◽  
Angle Measuring ◽  
The Middle Ages

A characteristic feature of Arab-islamic astronomy during the Middle Ages is the promotion and tremendous growth of practical astronomy which was in turn manifested primarily by the establishment of scores of observatories in West-Central Asia, from Abbasid Caliph al-Māmūn (813-833) to the Turkish king Murād III (1574-1595), and by the production of copious literature on astronomical Tables (the zījes) as well as on astronomical instruments (ālāt al-rasad). The enormity of the literature on the latter could be gauged by the list of extant works as given by Matvievskaya and Rosenfeld (1983) in their recent Biobibliography: 349 treatises on astrolabes, 138 on sine-instruments, 81 on quadrants, 4 on sextants and octants, 41 on armillary spheres and celestial globes, 77 on sundials and again 77 on “other instruments”—in all 767 treatises. As a matter of fact the instruments developed by Arab-islamic astronomers could be broadly classified into four groups: a) Time measuring instruments (e.g. sundials, shadow quadrants), b) Angle measuring instruments for astronomical parameters (e.g. armilla of various kinds, dioptre and parallactic rulers), c) instruments for transformation of system of coordinates and/or solving nomographical problems (e.g. astrolabes, quadrants, dāstūr instrument), d) Mathematical instruments for evaluating trigonometric functions, (e.g. sinequadrants). Apart from the fourth and the most important of all, the astrolabe, which in turn embodies all the four groups of instruments to a certain extent, works on “other instruments” were compiled in almost every century (down from 9th to 18th A.D.), also by well-known Arab-Islamic astronomer-mathematicians.

scholarly journals HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE KHOREZM REGION IN THE WORK OF ABU AL-FIDA “TAQWIM AL-BULDAN”

THE BULLETIN ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (387) ◽  
pp. 312-318
Author(s):  
U. D. Zhuzbayeva ◽  
◽  
B. Sh. Batyrkhan ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Urban Culture ◽  
Historical Geography ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Physical Geography ◽  
Scientific Heritage ◽  
Comprehensive Study ◽  
The Middle Ages

The aim of the article is the historical geography of Khorezm, as well as a comprehensive study of the interaction of society and nature in the region and, in part, the adjacent territories.The article analyzes the historical and geographical data of the Khorezm region in the work of Abu al-Fida “Taqwim al-Buldan” during the Middle Ages, which are known from written sources.The article is also based on the materials of archaeological research and information from the works of other scientists of the Abu al-Fida era.A comprehensive study of the geography and social characteristics of the cities of the Khorezm region confirms information about a high civilization that arose in Central Asia at the junction of sedentary and nomadic traditions, its urban culture influenced the formation of modern states.The author, referring to the written sources of medieval researchers, describes the architecture of cities, geographical coordinates, nature and climate, arts and crafts, science and education, peculiarities of the population, etc. The study examined the main cities of Khorezm, such as: Kurkandzh, Dzhurdzhaniya, Kas, Zamakhshar, Khazarosb, Dar'an, Farabr and others.The article also analyzes such issues as the methods of using water resources and the development of the irrigation system in the Middle Ages Khorezm. Khorezm, whose territory since ancient times was formed at the crossroads of various historical events. He played a huge role in the formation of the Central Asian state as a whole. It is clear that the urban culture of medieval Khorezm influenced the modern traditions of the region. The work of Abul-Fida "Takim al-Buldan" is an important scientific heritage for the formation of the historical physical geography, economic and social geography of Khorezm. At the time of Abul-Fida, Khorezm was a rich and cultural region with developed agriculture, crafts and trade. The cities of the Khorezm region were formed along the rivers. Because they were important to the economy and life. Outside the cities, fortifications were built from high walls. Trade relations with neighboring countries have developed. Khorezm played an important role in the economy of Maurennahr, through which one of the northern branches of the Great Silk Road passed. The heritage of Khorezm architecture as a whole is known for its unique architectural monuments in the history of Central Asia, as well as for the great contribution of Khorezm architects to the construction and fine arts of Central Asia, which subsequently preserved and contributed to the development of architecture. Archaeological excavations confirm that the Khorezmians were engaged not only in trade and agriculture, but also in science. The Khorezmians mastered astronomy and mathematics. They invented angle measuring devices and used them in scientific research. Astronomy and many natural sciences developed in Ancient Khorezm.

scholarly journals The Two-Faced Janus of Radicalization. Heretical Thoughts. Based on the Work of Dr. Arne Seifert

2021 ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Irina V. Starodubrovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Previous Issue ◽  
The North ◽  
Religious Radicalism ◽  
Main Ideas ◽  
The Middle Ages

The paper continues discussion with the ideas expressed in Dr. Arne Seifert’s work “Civil Opposition to Religious Radicalism in Central Asia” (2020) which has started in the previous issue of the journal. The author doubts that expansion of Islamic fundamentalistic views means the inspiration to go back to the norms of the Middle Ages. Instead, this process is treated as a conflicting unity of archaization and modernization similar in its essence with the Protestant Reformation in Europe. The author’s proposals how to confront radicalization are based on the concepts described in the article. The main ideas are to involve Muslims in civil society activities preventing both their isolation and their involvement in violent practices, to intensify their contacts with secular civil society groups and movements, to expand their opportunities to accept modernity on their own terms. The author illustrates the productivity of such approaches using examples from the civil society activities in the North Caucasus including those projects where the author herself was involved.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of Bayezid's Political and Strategic Mistakes in the Rout of Ankara in 1402

Chronos ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 173-186
Author(s):  
Süleyman Demirci
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Middle Ages

One of the most important events in the Middle Ages was emergence of Timur's Empire between 1370 and 1405, culminating in the battle of Ankara between Timur and Bayezid in 1402. Tamerlane is more correctly called by his Turkish name, Temur; the Westem version of his name comes from the Persian Temuri lang, or "Temur the lame". He was probably born in 1336 near Samarkand (Manz 1990:1) in Transoxiana, which was then part of the Changhatayid Khanate in which Timur grew up. In the 1360s, there was a struggle in the former territory of Chingish Khans's second son, Chaghatayid, whose land was located close to the Isik Kul and Ili river, and included the Muslim territory of Central Asia. By this time, the various groups within the territory had made themselves independent under their own chiefs; this situation continued until Timur's assumption of power in 1370 (Hookham 1962:103).

scholarly journals On the Problems of Police Services in the States of the Muslim East: the Middle Ages and the Modern Period

Islamovedenie ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 102-113
Author(s):  
Vyacheslav Petrovich Litvinov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Global Change ◽  
National Security ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Police Services ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
Negative Phenomena ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article is devoted to the history of the police in the states of the Muslim East in the Middle Ages and the modern period. According to the author, the police appeared in the tribal com-munities of this region even before the emergence of the state and performed, among other things, the functions of political investigation. In the countries of the Muslim East, the formation of the police was determined by the general regularities of global change, as well as the specificity of Islam as a religion and Sharia as legislation. The article identifies the historical models and reveals the na-ture of the institution of the police in the Muslim world, including their national security functions. Much attention is paid to the activities of the religious police in Central Asia. According to the au-thor, their abolition in Russian Turkestan revealed many negative phenomena that had existed earli-er in the life of Muslim society in the pre-Russian period. The author concludes that in the states of the Muslim East as a whole the police played a historically positive role in the development of the region.

NEW TREASURE OF UMAYYAD DIRHAMS FROM SAMARKAND SOGD

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 72-76
Author(s):  
Sanat H. Khujamov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Main Direction ◽  
Practical Work ◽  
International Economy ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
The Middle Ages

The article focuses on the importance of expanding the resource base in assessing the circulation and characteristics of coins in Movarounnahr in the VIII-X centuries.The prospects of using local data to determine the role and place of Central Asia in the international economy of the middle Ages are highlighted. Historically, this treasure does not provide fundamentally new data, but the collection and analysis are organically integrated into the collection of data on the circulation of silver money in Mavorounnahr, which is the main direction of my scientific and practical work

THE ART OF PUPPET-MAKING IN THE TEMURID PERIOD

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27
Author(s):  
Akram A. Azizkulov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Scientific Heritage ◽  
Puppet Theater ◽  
Art Performance ◽  
The Middle Ages

This article analyzes the views of Husayn Voiz Koshifiy on the puppet theaters (the art of puppetry) that were widespread in the Middle Ages in Central Asia. The article describes the wide popularity of the art of puppetry, even indicates the spread of this art among the representatives of sufism. The article also highlights the fact that Husain Voiz Koshifiy did not limit himself only to depicting the art of puppetry, but provided valuable information about the content and types of this art. The article also outlines the views of Husayn Voiz Koshifiy on what kind of behavior and qualifications people who practice the art of puppetry should have.Index Terms: Husain Voiz Koshifiy, scientific heritage, puppet theater, art, performance, stage, puppeteer, culture, social life, truth

scholarly journals Magnum miraculum est homo. . . . The Phenomenon of Man in the Light of Hermetic Excerpts: Lactantius, Div. inst. 7.13.3

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-734
Author(s):  
Agata Ewa Sowińska
Keyword(s):  
Characteristic Feature ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Human Being ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Corpus Hermeticum ◽  
Range Of Influence ◽  
The Middle Ages

The aim of this paper is to present the question of human nature in a hermetic approach based on the source texts of Asclepius and Corpus Hermeticum. As the reference point for a research on hermetic anthropology serves one of the hermetic fragments found in Lactantius’ Divinae institutiones (i.e. Div. inst. 7.13.3), who focused on a characteristic feature of every human being: their dual nature – both divine and hylic. The analysis of Div. inst. 7.13.3 is preceded by a short study, based on the anthology by M.D. Litwa, of the range of influence of hermetic texts on literature from antiquity to the Middle Ages.

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