Ælfric and Smaragdus

1992 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 203-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce Hill
Keyword(s):  
Source Studies ◽  
Catholic Homilies ◽  
Do So ◽  
As If

In his Latin preface to the First Series of Catholic Homilies, Ælfric lists six source authors: Augustine, Jerome, Bede, Gregory, Smaragdus and Haymo. The fact that Haymo is named in a phrase of his own at the end, ‘et aliquando Haymonem’, and is specified as being used ‘aliquando’, suggests that he was in some sense a supplementary source, as modern studies have tended to confirm. Smaragdus, by contrast, stands with Augustine, Jerome, Bede and Gregory as if Ælfric, in thinking back over the work he had done for the Catholic Homilies, had found Smaragdus as useful as the others and had consulted him about as frequently. Yet it is a puzzling fact that modern source studies have identified very little material drawn from Smaragdus's exegetical Expositio libri comitis. It is possible, of course, that Ælfric's claim to have used Smaragdus was unjustified, but although medieval writers often made false claims, Ælfric did not habitually do so; on the contrary, he was very conscious of his relationship to authoritative sources and, when he named an authority, his claims were usually as reliable as contemporary traditions allowed.

Part Four

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Fogelin
Keyword(s):  
Religious Belief ◽  
Do So ◽  
As If

Philo presses arguments as if drawn from a Pyrrhonist handbook: attempts to put religious belief on a rational footing fail to do so, and even more, they undercut the very commitments they are intended to establish.

Assertiveness level 1

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peggy D. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Behavioral Compliance ◽  
Class A ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Do So ◽  
As If

We are almost completely non- assertive when we operate in level 1. We say yes when we want to say no. We com­pliment someone simply because she expected it. We acted as if his joke was funny, even though we wanted to tell him how crude it was. Of the Five Levels of Assertiveness, level 1 behaviors are the most deceptive. Functioning at this level hides us. We sacrifice our own peace in order to keep peace with others. We apologize for actions that warrant no apology. We agree publicly and fume privately. We can become so accustomed to repressing our own opinions that it may take some effort to regain our voice. Subjugation and sublimation can become the unhealthy hab­its of level 1. Inauthentic and incongruous messages and behav­iors can result. • “Oh sure, I’m happy to do that for you” (resenting the request, but pretending otherwise). • “I’m so very sorry that I didn’t submit the report on time” (using untrue or inauthentic messages to save face). • “You are so artistic. Your room is beautiful, and mine is so plain” (complimenting to invite a reciprocal compliment). • “If you’ll sit down and get quiet, maybe we can end class a few minutes early” (using a weak, non- authoritative plea to bargain for behavioral compliance from students). A problem of level 1 behavior is that we go overboard to hide our feelings. And we do so to make other people believe we are not bothered by what they have said or done. We become a cha­meleon to fit in, for others’ comfort. Our facial expression is often smiling with soft eyes, and we may use a highly inflected voice. In level 1, we are approval- seekers, willing to sublimate our own sense of authority in order to maintain peace. We appear sweet, kind, and gentle, but under the surface lie repressive discord and disharmony. To be sure, there are times when we knowingly choose to respond in level 1.

scholarly journals Alternative Spaces & Artist Agency in the Art Market

Arts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Olga Kanzaki Sooudi
Keyword(s):  
Social Bonds ◽  
Art Market ◽  
Future Market ◽  
Art Practice ◽  
Creative Activity ◽  
Ethnographic Fieldwork ◽  
Alternative Spaces ◽  
Do So ◽  
As If ◽  
Market Success

This article explores what alternative, or artist-led, spaces are in Mumbai today and their role within the city’s artworld. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in two alternative spaces, it argues that these are artist attempts to exercise agency in their work for an uncertain market context. In other words, these spaces are a strategy for artists to exercise control over their work in an uncertain art market, and a means to counterbalance their dependence on galleries in their careers. Furthermore, artists do so through collectivist practices. These spaces, I argue, challenge models of artistic and neoliberal work that privilege autonomy, independence, and isolation, as if artists were self-contained silos of productive creative activity and will. Artists instead, in these spaces, insist on the importance of social bonds and connection as a challenge to the instrumentalization and divisive nature of market-led demands on art practice and the model of the solo genius artist-producer. At the same time, their collective activities are oriented towards supporting artists’ individual future market success, suggesting that artist-led spaces are not separate from the art market, and should be considered within the same analytical frame.

Executive Bonus Contract Characteristics and Share Repurchases

2017 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunyoung Kim ◽  
Jeff Ng
Keyword(s):  
Share Repurchases ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
Compensation Design ◽  
Jel Classifications ◽  
Do So ◽  
As If

ABSTRACT We examine the importance of bonus contract characteristics, specifically, with respect to the relation between EPS-based bonuses and share repurchases. We find that managers are more (less) likely to repurchase shares and spend more (less) on repurchases when as-if EPS just misses (exceeds) the bonus threshold (maximum) EPS level. We find no such relation when as-if EPS is further below the threshold. We find weak evidence that managers of firms with as-if EPS just below the EPS target are more likely to repurchase shares and spend more on repurchases relative to firms with as-if EPS just above the EPS target. We further find that the incentive-zone slopes specified in the bonus contracts are positively associated with share repurchases. Managers making bonus-motivated repurchases do so at a higher cost. Together, our results highlight the importance of compensation design in motivating managers' behavior and aligning managers' incentives with shareholders. JEL Classifications: M41; M52.

V. Experimental researches on the electric discharge with the chloride of silver battery

1883 ◽  
Vol 36 (228-231) ◽  
pp. 206-207
Keyword(s):  
Electric Discharge ◽  
Heating And Cooling ◽  
Residual Hydrogen ◽  
Balance Of Forces ◽  
Experimental Researches ◽  
Absorption Chamber ◽  
Do So ◽  
As If

During our experiments we have often been struck by the evident plasticity of strata whose form at times becomes modified when they meet with an obstacle or are influenced by other causes, as, for example, the crossing of other strata produced by a separate discharge; and we have stated in Part IV of our researches that “one cannot but be impressed from this (an experiment therein spoken of) and others before, and herein described, by the apparent plasticity of the aggregate assemblage of molecules which constitute a stratum.” In all probability the molecules are being continuously thrown off and are replaced by others which become controlled and held in position by the same balance of forces as those they replace. One of our tubes, No. 9, with a residual hydrogen vacuum, has a diaphragm in the centre ¼ of an inch, 0·63 centim., thick, through the centre of which there is a hole ¼ of an inch, 0·63 centim., in diameter. To the end of the tube is attached a potash absorption chamber, the heating and cooling of which causes a change in the number of strata; when the number of strata increases they approach closer and closer to the diaphragm, and occasionally one threads itself through it, as if squeezed through, and its form is gradually changed thereby; when by a change in the temperature of the absorption chamber, the number of strata becomes less, the stratum which had been forced through the hole in the diaphragm returns through it, its form becoming modified to enable it to do so.

scholarly journals Black Lives Matter and COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3/4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine Schachter
Keyword(s):  
Black Lives Matter ◽  
Do So ◽  
As If

There is a profound lesson in the coincident timing of the Black Lives Matter movement and the COVID-19 pandemic: in each case, support for the most oppressed or most ill amongst us portends support for ourselves. We are humbled to concede that if we do not respect everyone, we do not respect anyone, just as if we don't prevent, treat, and cure disease everywhere, we don't do so anywhere. Our collective dignity and health depend upon the dignity and health of the most vulnerable amongst us. The preservation of oneself depends upon the preservation of all people. Our humanity is inevitably, inexorably, forever entwined with one another.

The Three-Step Responsive Flexibility Procedure as an Invisible Fuel of Epistemic Inclusion

2021 ◽  
pp. 49-69
Keyword(s):  
Situational Factors ◽  
Everyday Lives ◽  
New Information ◽  
Do So ◽  
As If

In our everyday lives, we are used to communicating spontaneously, looking for confirmation of our impressions and opinions, and finding an audience for our emotions among colleagues. We maintain the same behavior toward people based on the impression we formed about them, which gives us an illusion of stability of their character and frequency of their behavior. “They are always like that,” we seem to say, without giving them a chance to show another facet of their personality or competence, as if the circumstances of the situation do not matter. You only have to change the conditions, and people start to react differently. Hence, by changing the configuration of situational factors, we can influence students' learning investment and arouse their potential. To do so, we need to be curious not about our colleagues' opinions but rather about new information related to the situation to stimulate our reasoning and identify the source of the problem.

Andragogy, Culture, and Adult Learning Worldviews

2021 ◽  
pp. 257-279
Author(s):  
David P. Peltz
Keyword(s):  
Adult Learning ◽  
Do So ◽  
As If

Adults differ from children in the ways they learn. This is not only due to the fact they have more experiences to relate to but also due to the motivations behind why they are learning. So why do so many teachers, trainers, and professionals teach courses and provided training to adults in the same manner as if they were teaching children? This discourse explores the adult learning construct of andragogy, applications of different andragogical approaches, and challenges and considerations of andragogy. It also briefly describes a quantitative andragogical scale that was developed, which may provide a useful tool to an otherwise qualitative concept. Finally, the chapter provides several adult learning worldview overviews to be used considered in conjunction with the application of andragogy to potentially increase andragogical effectiveness.

A Theory of the Calculus of Voting

1968 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Riker ◽  
Peter C. Ordeshook
Keyword(s):  
Rational Choice ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Political Behavior ◽  
Explanatory Theory ◽  
Apparent Paradox ◽  
Political Act ◽  
Do So ◽  
As If

Much recent theorizing about the utility of voting concludes that voting is an irrational act in that it usually costs more to vote than one can expect to get in return.1 This conclusion is doubtless disconcerting ideologically to democrats; but ideological embarrassment is not our interest here. Rather we are concerned with an apparent paradox in the theory. The writers who constructed these analyses were engaged in an endeavor to explain political behavior with a calculus of rational choice; yet they were led by their argument to the conclusion that voting, the fundamental political act, is typically irrational. We find this conflict between purpose and conclusion bizarre but not nearly so bizarre as a non-explanatory theory: The function of theory is to explain behavior and it is certainly no explanation to assign a sizeable part of politics to the mysterious and inexplicable world of the irrational.2 This essay is, therefore, an effort to reinterpret the voting calculus so that it can fit comfortably into a rationalistic theory of political behavior. We describe a calculus of voting from which one infers that it is reasonable for those who vote to do so and also that it is equally reasonable for those who do not vote not to do so. Furthermore we present empirical evidence that citizens actually behave as if they employed this calculus.3

Walking the Talk? Gendered Rhetoric vs. Action in Small Firms

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer E. Cliff ◽  
Nancy Langton ◽  
Howard E. Aldrich
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Small Firms ◽  
Business Owners ◽  
Business Leaders ◽  
Organizational Characteristics ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Employment Relationships ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Do So ◽  
As If

This study challenges the assumption that male and female business leaders establish gender-stereotypic organizational characteristics in their firms. Data collected from 229 businesses in Vancouver, Canada, indicate that an owner’s sex has no effect on the extent of a firm’s bureaucracy or the femininity of its employment relationships. These findings hold even in situations theoretically conducive to eliciting gender stereotypes. Rather than conforming primarily to the archetypically masculine model of organizing, both male and female owners manage their firms with a mix of masculine and feminine approaches. Subsequent analyses revealed, however, that business owners tend to talk as if they organize and manage their firms in different (and gender-stereotypic) ways, even though they do not do so in practice. This finding may help explain the persistent belief that a leader’s sex leaves an identifiable imprint on organizational characteristics.

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