Knowledge-based systems, Lisp, and very high level implementation languages

1992 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-155
Author(s):  
Eric Sandewall
Keyword(s):  
Operating System ◽  
Programming Languages ◽  
Knowledge Based Systems ◽  
Machine Code ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

AbstractIt is usually agreed that programming languages for implementing (other) programming languages, or ‘implementation languages’, should be simple low-level languages which are close to the machine code and to the operating system. In this paper it is argued that a very high level implementation language is a good idea, of particular importance for knowledge-based systems, and that Lisp (as a language and as a system) is very well suited to be a very high level implementation language. The significance of special-purpose programming languages is also discussed, and the requirements that they have for a very high level implementation language are considered.

CSim 2

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-46
Author(s):  
David Sanan ◽  
Yongwang Zhao ◽  
Shang-Wei Lin ◽  
Liu Yang
Keyword(s):  
Programming Languages ◽  
Concurrent Systems ◽  
Theorem Prover ◽  
Compositional Techniques ◽  
Machine Code ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Hol Theorem Prover ◽  
High Level ◽  
High Degree

To make feasible and scalable the verification of large and complex concurrent systems, it is necessary the use of compositional techniques even at the highest abstraction layers. When focusing on the lowest software abstraction layers, such as the implementation or the machine code, the high level of detail of those layers makes the direct verification of properties very difficult and expensive. It is therefore essential to use techniques allowing to simplify the verification on these layers. One technique to tackle this challenge is top-down verification where by means of simulation properties verified on top layers (representing abstract specifications of a system) are propagated down to the lowest layers (that are an implementation of the top layers). There is no need to say that simulation of concurrent systems implies a greater level of complexity, and having compositional techniques to check simulation between layers is also desirable when seeking for both feasibility and scalability of the refinement verification. In this article, we present CSim 2 a (compositional) rely-guarantee-based framework for the top-down verification of complex concurrent systems in the Isabelle/HOL theorem prover. CSim 2 uses CSimpl, a language with a high degree of expressiveness designed for the specification of concurrent programs. Thanks to its expressibility, CSimpl is able to model many of the features found in real world programming languages like exceptions, assertions, and procedures. CSim 2 provides a framework for the verification of rely-guarantee properties to compositionally reason on CSimpl specifications. Focusing on top-down verification, CSim 2 provides a simulation-based framework for the preservation of CSimpl rely-guarantee properties from specifications to implementations. By using the simulation framework, properties proven on the top layers (abstract specifications) are compositionally propagated down to the lowest layers (source or machine code) in each concurrent component of the system. Finally, we show the usability of CSim 2 by running a case study over two CSimpl specifications of an Arinc-653 communication service. In this case study, we prove a complex property on a specification, and we use CSim 2 to preserve the property on lower abstraction layers.

scholarly journals Building Extraction in Very High Resolution Imagery by Dense-Attention Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Yang ◽  
Penghai Wu ◽  
Xuedong Yao ◽  
Yanlan Wu ◽  
Biao Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Building Extraction ◽  
Learning Networks ◽  
Feature Maps ◽  
Low Level ◽  
High Resolution Imagery ◽  
Very High Resolution Imagery ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

Building extraction from very high resolution (VHR) imagery plays an important role in urban planning, disaster management, navigation, updating geographic databases, and several other geospatial applications. Compared with the traditional building extraction approaches, deep learning networks have recently shown outstanding performance in this task by using both high-level and low-level feature maps. However, it is difficult to utilize different level features rationally with the present deep learning networks. To tackle this problem, a novel network based on DenseNets and the attention mechanism was proposed, called the dense-attention network (DAN). The DAN contains an encoder part and a decoder part which are separately composed of lightweight DenseNets and a spatial attention fusion module. The proposed encoder–decoder architecture can strengthen feature propagation and effectively bring higher-level feature information to suppress the low-level feature and noises. Experimental results based on public international society for photogrammetry and remote sensing (ISPRS) datasets with only red–green–blue (RGB) images demonstrated that the proposed DAN achieved a higher score (96.16% overall accuracy (OA), 92.56% F1 score, 90.56% mean intersection over union (MIOU), less training and response time and higher-quality value) when compared with other deep learning methods.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Resistance Development in Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Cotton against Different Insecticides

Insects ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 996
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zaryab Khalid ◽  
Sohail Ahmed ◽  
Ibrahim Al-ashkar ◽  
Ayman EL Sabagh ◽  
Liyun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bemisia Tabaci ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Selection For ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

Cotton is a major crop of Pakistan, and Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) is a major pest of cotton. Due to the unwise and indiscriminate use of insecticides, resistance develops more readily in the whitefly. The present study was conducted to evaluate the resistance development in the whitefly against the different insecticides that are still in use. For this purpose, the whitefly population was selected with five concentrations of each insecticide, for five generations. At G1, compared with the laboratory susceptible population, a very low level of resistance was observed against bifenthrin, cypermethrin, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, nitenpyram, chlorfenapyr, and buprofezin with a resistance ratio of 3-fold, 2-fold, 1-fold, 4-fold, 3-fold, 3-fold, 3-fold, and 3-fold, respectively. However, the selection for five generations increased the resistance to a very high level against buprofezin (127-fold), and to a high level against imidacloprid (86-fold) compared with the laboratory susceptible population. While, a moderate level of resistance was observed against cypermethrin (34-fold), thiamethoxam (34-fold), nitenpyram (30-fold), chlorfenapyr (29-fold), and acetamiprid (21-fold). On the other hand, the resistance was low against bifenthrin (18-fold) after selection for five generations. A very low level of resistance against the field population of B. tabaci, at G1, showed that these insecticides are still effective, and thus can be used under the field conditions for the management of B. tabaci. However, the proper rotation of insecticides among different groups can help to reduce the development of resistance against insecticides.

scholarly journals Cross-Platform File Explore with NW.JS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VI) ◽  
pp. 500-504
Author(s):  
K. Tejaswini
Keyword(s):  
Operating System ◽  
Programming Languages ◽  
Time Windows ◽  
Web Browser ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Desktop Application ◽  
Cross Platform ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Training

Our typical desktop file explorer applications are written in high-level programming languages and frameworks. Those apps are depending on the operating system. It can only operate on one operating system at a time. Windows&, for example, has My Computer, Windows 10 has This PC, Ubuntu has Files, and so on. Any web browser will not be able to operate this old file explorer desktop programme. This file explorer is a desktop application written in NW.js that runs on any platform. The application is created using Web-based programming languages. HTML, CSS, and JavaScript are examples of basic and straightforward languages. This programme is OS agnostic. As a result, it may operate on a variety of operating systems, including Windows, Linux, and MacOS. It cuts down on time spent on development and training. The cross-platform desktop programme has basic features such as file opening, copying, and pasting, directory navigation, showing the current directory path, and windowing functions such as maximise, minimise, and dismiss the window.

A dynamic very high-level debugger for low-level microprograms

1986 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 148-155
Author(s):  
N. J. Wahl ◽  
S. R. Schach ◽  
R. I. Winner
Keyword(s):  
Low Level ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

scholarly journals THE STUDENTS’ COMPREHENSION IN ANALYZING ENGLISH TEXT OF THE MA DARUL FURQAN NW MENGKURU GRADERS

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mul Muliadi
Keyword(s):  
English Text ◽  
Average Level ◽  
Low Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

This research is aimed to measure the students’ compression in analyzing English text for the students of MA Darul Furqan NW Mengkuru. The students’ comprehension in analyzing English text for the tenth year students of MA Darul Furqan NW Mengkuru are in average level. It can be seen from the mean score of the students that is 31.35 in which this number belongs average level. The percentages of successes of students’ comprehension in analyzing English text for the tenth year students of MA Darul Furqan NW Mengkuru are low. After the scores were classified for the students’ comprehension in analyzing English text, the researcher found 4 students who got very high score. It means that there were 13.33% of them were categorized very high level. Furthermore, there were 4 students who got high level; it means that there were 13.33% of students who were categorized high level. There were7 students who got sufficient level; it means that there were 23.33% of students who were categorized high level, and there were 15 students who got low level; it means that there were 50% of students who were categorized low level, moreover, there were none of students who got very. 

scholarly journals A GRAPH-BASED SYSTEM FOR MANAGING CONFIGURATIONS OF ENGINEERING DESIGN DOCUMENTS

1996 ◽  
Vol 06 (04) ◽  
pp. 549-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
BERNHARD WESTFECHTEL
Keyword(s):  
Programming Languages ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Configuration Management ◽  
Database Systems ◽  
Software Systems ◽  
Rewriting Systems ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Management Concepts ◽  
Design Documents ◽  
High Level

Due to increasing complexity of hardware and software systems, configuration management has been receiving more and more attention in nearly all engineering domains (e.g. electrical, mechanical, and software engineering). This observation has driven us to develop a domain-independent and adaptable configuration management model (called CoMa) for managing systems of engineering design documents. The CoMa model integrates composition hierarchies, dependencies, and versions into a coherent framework based on a sparse set of essential configuration management concepts. In order to give a clear and comprehensible specification, the CoMa model is defined in a high-level, multi-paradigm specification language (PROGRES) which combines concepts from various disciplines (database systems, knowledge-based systems, graph rewriting systems, programming languages). Finally, we also present an implementation which conforms to the formal specification and provides graphical, structure-oriented tools offering a bunch of sophisticated commands and operating in a heterogeneous environment.

scholarly journals Learning Skills Level on The Young Prisoners in Correctional Institution Adolescent

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alizamar Alizamar ◽  
Gusni Dian Suri ◽  
Mudjiran Mudjiran ◽  
Syahniar Syahniar ◽  
Afdal Afdal
Keyword(s):  
Research Finding ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Correctional Institution ◽  
Correctional Institutions ◽  
Learning Skills ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Level ◽  
Very High

The future achievement of adolescent in correctional institutions is also required to assume education or learning. The government has need to provide coaching for young prisoners in education at correctional institution so they are ready to enter new life after free. But the coaching that has not been able to optimally implementation. One of the problems that young prisoners is low learning skills. The purpose of this study was to describe learning skills of the young prisoners in correctional institution adolescent Tanjung Pati Lima Puluh Koto. This research used quantitative approaches with descriptive-quantitative method. The sample in this research consisted of 32 young prisoner. An analyze of the data used instruments learning skills of the young prisoners and analysis used is presentation. The research finding showed that learning skills of young prisoners at a medium level as many as 17 people with 73,91%, the very high level as many as 5 people with 21,74%, the low level as many as 1 people with 4,35%. The implication of this research is to describe learning skills young prisoners. In order, the results of this study could be data to assist the prisoners and coaching for solving their problems in learning

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