Synthetic Aids to Flying Training

1957 ◽  
Vol 61 (560) ◽  
pp. 509-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Makinson ◽  
G. M. Hellings
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
Human Operator ◽  
Control Loop ◽  
Subsequent Performance ◽  
The Face ◽  
Integral Element

The piloted aircraft provides the supreme example of the highly complex machine performing a precise function in which the control loop is still completed through a human operator. Although both physically and mentally his task has been greatly assisted by the introduction of automatic pilots, auto-stabilisers, power controls, flight directors and the like, he still possesses the ultimate advantage over the machine of being able to use judgment in the face of arbitrarily changing circumstances. Thus, until it is possible in advance to define the required tasks exactly, and to measure the subsequent performance of the system in precise and unambiguous terms, the pilot will be saved from the encroachment of automation.The performance of the human operator is described by the aptness and speed of his reaction to the pertinent stimuli, in effect his transfer function as an integral element of the overall control loop.

Methods for Monitoring the Psychophysiological State of a Human Operator via Emotions Reflected in Facial Expressions and Analysis of Blinking Characteristics using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks

2021 ◽  
pp. 120-134
Author(s):  
O.N. Korsun ◽  
V.N. Yurko
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Physiological State ◽  
Human Operator ◽  
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks ◽  
Automated Recognition ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
Psychophysiological State ◽  
The Face ◽  
Flight Parameters

We analysed two approaches to estimating the state of a human operator according to video imaging of the face. These approaches, both using deep convolutional neural networks, are as follows: 1) automated emotion recognition; 2) analysis of blinking characteristics. The study involved assessing changes in the functional state of a human operator performing a manual landing in a flight simulator. During this process, flight parameters were recorded, and the operator’s face was filmed. Then we used our custom software to perform automated recognition of emotions (blinking), synchronising the emotions (blinking) recognised to the flight parameters recorded. As a result, we detected persistent patterns linking the operator fatigue level to the number of emotions recognised by the neural network. The type of emotion depends on unique psychological characteristics of the operator. Our experiments allow for easily tracing these links when analysing the emotions of "Sadness", "Fear" and "Anger". The study revealed a correlation between blinking properties and piloting accuracy. A higher piloting accuracy meant more blinks recorded, which may be explained by a stable psycho-physiological state leading to confident piloting

Modeling of Nonlinear Human Operator in the Control Loop: Preliminary Results

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 736-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario Innocenti ◽  
Andrea Balluchi ◽  
Aldo Balestrino
Keyword(s):  
Human Operator ◽  
Control Loop ◽  
Preliminary Results

Analysis of Process Interactions in Dynamic System Using Frequency Dependent RGA

2011 ◽  
Vol 403-408 ◽  
pp. 895-899
Author(s):  
Amit Jain ◽  
B.V. Babu
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
Process Model ◽  
Transfer Function Model ◽  
Control Loop ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Function Model ◽  
Frequency Dependent ◽  
Relative Gain ◽  
Relative Gain Array ◽  
Correct Pairing

A frequency dependent approach to defining a dynamic relative gain array (DRGA) is discussed. The approach assumes the availability of a dynamic transfer function based process model for control loop pairing analysis. Two examples are considered: one in which the traditional RGA (based on steady-state gain matrix) gives the correct pairing recommendation and the other in which the traditional RGA suggests wrong pairings particularly in the frequency range of interest. The calculations pertaining to analysis of control loop pairing is performed using MATLAB (version 7.0.1). An inaccurate indication of the amount of interaction present is discussed. The first example uses 2x2 transfer function model [1] and the second one uses 3x3 transfer function model [2].

THE ESTIMATION OE THE TRANSFER FUNCTION OF A HUMAN OPERATOR BY A CORRELATION METHOD OF ANALYSIS

Ergonomics ◽  
1959 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 274-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. G. HENDERSON
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Human Operator

scholarly journals EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Salmon
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
Loss Function ◽  
Decision Rules ◽  
Common View ◽  
Nominal Model ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Misspecified Model ◽  
The Face ◽  
Simple Bounds ◽  
Input Uncertainties

The papers collected in this issue are united in a common view that it is rational to recognize that we have a poor perception of the constraints we face when making economic decisions and hence we employ decision rules that are robust. Robustness can be interpreted in different ways but generally it implies that our decision rules should not depend critically on an exact description of these constraints but they should perform well over a prespecified range of potential variations in the assumed economic environment. So, we are interested in deriving optimal and hence rational decisions where our utility or loss function incorporates the need for robustness in the face of a misspecified model. This misspecification can involve placing simple bounds on deviations from the parameters we assume for a nominal model, or misspecified dynamics, neglected nonlinearities, time variation, or quite general arbitrary misspecification in the transfer function between the input uncertainties and the output variables in which we are ultimately interested.

Het Spoorwegmuseum Utrecht, the Netherlands

Transfers ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-121
Author(s):  
Rolf-Ulrich Kunze
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Hydraulic Engineering ◽  
Northwestern Part ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Limited Role ◽  
The Face ◽  
Integral Element ◽  
To Come ◽  
Engineering Identity

God created the Earth, but the Dutch created the Netherlands, albeit with only a limited role for the railway. Any railway museum in this country invented by and dependent on hydraulic engineering must creatively solve the problem of portraying a technology of mobility which was not central to the Waterstaat (hydro-engineering) identity and the nation’s sociotechnological construction, but one which initially was secondary and subsidiary and, above all, delayed. On the face of it, the story to be told here appears to be that of how, in a northwestern part of Europe where thorough industrialization was late to come, railway-based mobility established itself against the omnipresence of shipping and evolved from seaport-catering surface logistics into an integral element of everyday transportation in twentieth-century Netherlands. The Utrecht Spoorwegmuseum (railway museum) impressively shows that this is not even half the truth, behind which might be, at best, the grumbling resentment of an 1890 boatman.

scholarly journals The Sensitivity Adjustment Technique Within the Exoskeleton Control System

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
I.L. Ermolov ◽  
M.M Knyazkov ◽  
E.A. Semenov ◽  
A.N. Sukhanov
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Biceps Brachii ◽  
Human Operator ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Control Algorithms ◽  
Control Loop ◽  
Triceps Brachii ◽  
Experimental Stand ◽  
Internal Forces ◽  
The Moment

An exoskeleton system contains a human operator in the control loop, which imposes restrictions on the applied control algorithms and movement speed. Robotics is the central topic of the latest physical artificial intelligence that links computing, biology, chemistry, material science, mechanical engineering. This study explores the robotic exoskeleton system that contains a human operator in the control loop, which imposes restrictions on the applied control algorithms and movement speed. At the moment, there are a number of tasks in research projects towards exoskeleton control algorithms. These tasks include consideration of fatigue of a person arising from the control of the exoskeleton over long period of time. Operator’s fatigue, as a result of the monotonous operations, leads to the fact that the control efficiency decreases, and the positioning error will increase over time. Another task when controlling using human biopotentials is compensation of the influence of the operator's tremor on the control signal. Also, a very important factor is the adaptation of actuators to a change in the transient characteristics of external and internal forces. This article describes the results of tests of an arm exoskeleton device with DC drive located in the elbow joint and a control algorithm based on an electromyogram of the biceps brachii and triceps brachii of the operator. The structure and features of the experimental stand developed in the laboratory of robotics and mechatronics of IPMech RAS are shown. The sensitivity adjustment technique within the exoskeleton control system is proposed.

Inner System Design of a Nonlinear Plane Based on Extended Linearization Model

2012 ◽  
Vol 457-458 ◽  
pp. 1331-1336
Author(s):  
Qiu Ju Li ◽  
Ni Huan Liao ◽  
Lu Hong Gong
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
Linear System ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Symbolic Language ◽  
Control Loop ◽  
General Technique ◽  
Rigid Spacecraft ◽  
Nonlinear Plane ◽  
System Indentification ◽  
System Transfer Function

In order to deal with the control of a rigid spacecraft, a general technique to design advanced controllers for electrical transfer inner system of nonlinear plane was given, based on the generalized extended linearization model and symbolic language of Matlab. And the system with feedback-control-loop is equal to a linear system basically. Finally the corresponding linear system transfer function is given and the result of simulation has proved the specialties of this control method through the system indentification.

scholarly journals Acoustic Instabilities in Syngas Fired Combustion Chambers

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sikke A. Klein ◽  
Jim B. W. Kok
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Transfer Functions ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Cfd Modeling ◽  
Combustion Instabilities ◽  
Control Loop ◽  
Test Rig ◽  
Combustion Chambers ◽  
Acoustic Instabilities

Gas turbines fired on syngas may show thermo-acoustic combustion instabilities. The theory on these instabilities is well developed. From this theory it can be shown that the acoustic system of a combustion installation can be described as a control loop with a set of transfer functions. The transfer function of the flame plays a decisive role in the occurrence of combustion instabilities. It is however very difficult to predict this flame transfer function analytically. In this paper a numerical method will be presented to calculate the flame transfer function from time-dependent combustion calculations. Also an experimental method will be discussed to determine this flame transfer function. Experiments have been performed in a 25 kW atmospheric test rig. Also calculations have been done for this situation. The agreement between the measurements and CFD calculations is good, especially for the phase at higher frequencies. This opens the way to apply CFD-modeling for acoustics in a real gas turbine situation.

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