The Distribution of Collisions in Japan and Methods of Estimating Collision Damage

1973 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yahei Fujii ◽  
Hiroyuki Yamanouchi
Keyword(s):  
Size Distribution ◽  
Traffic Engineering ◽  
Approximate Formula ◽  
Traffic Patterns ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Average Speed ◽  
Marine Traffic ◽  
Probability Of Collision

The estimation of collision danger is often required by harbour authorities and others for planning fairways or for increasing the safety of navigation. Fujii1 gives an approximate formula for the probability of collision in a waterway where the density of traffic, the size distribution of ships and the average speed are known. Fujii's formula is however only applicable where the traffic has been surveyed and traffic patterns are well known. Some simple method is required for estimating collision danger, especially for harbours where traffic patterns are complicated and the information available on marine traffic engineering is comparatively small.

scholarly journals Pore system changes of damaged Brazilian oxisols and nitosols induced by wet-dry cycles as seen in 2-D micromorphologic image analysis

2009 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz F. Pires ◽  
Klaus Reichardt ◽  
Miguel Cooper ◽  
Fabio A.M. Cássaro ◽  
Nivea M.P. Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Tropical Soils ◽  
Transport Processes ◽  
Structure Characterization ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Wetting And Drying ◽  
Essential Information

Soil pore structure characterization using 2-D image analysis constitutes a simple method to obtain essential information related to soil porosity and pore size distribution (PSD). Such information is important to infer on soil quality, which is related to soil structure and transport processes inside the soil. Most of the time soils are submitted to wetting and drying cycles (W-D), which can cause important changes in soils with damaged structures. This report uses 2-D image analysis to evaluate possible modifications induced by W-D cycles on the structure of damaged soil samples. Samples of three tropical soils (Geric Ferralsol, GF; Eutric Nitosol, EN; and Rhodic Ferralsol, RF) were submitted to three treatments: 0WD, the control treatment in which samples were not submitted to any W-D cycle; 3WD and 9WD with samples submitted to 3 and 9 consecutive W-D cycles, respectively. It was observed that W-D cycles produced significant changes in large irregular pores of the GF and RF soils, and in rounded pores of the EN soil. Nevertheless, important changes in smaller pores (35, 75, and 150 µm) were also observed for all soils. As an overall consideration, it can be said that the use of image analysis helped to explain important changes in soil pore systems (shape, number, and size distribution) as consequence of W-D cycles.

A Model for Calculating a Maritime Risk Criterion Number

1977 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. van der Tak ◽  
J. A. Spaans
Keyword(s):  
Research Centre ◽  
Traffic Density ◽  
Traffic Situation ◽  
Traffic Patterns ◽  
Speed Distribution ◽  
The North ◽  
Marine Traffic ◽  
Risk Criterion ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
Sea Area

Early in 1976 the Navigation Research Centre of the Netherlands Maritime Institute started research to develop a ‘maritime risk criterion number’ for a specific sea area. The need was urgent as the Navigation Research Centre (NRC) became more involved in marine traffic studies in the North Sea and the approaches to Dutch harbours. The main purpose is to calculate the criteria for traffic patterns in a given area as an element in the information needed to find the best regulatory solution for the overall traffic situation. The criterion should give due recognition to such elements as the traffic density, the course and speed distribution of the traffic, and the danger classes of the ships participating in the traffic.

Probability of Collision in a Model Collision Avoidance System

1974 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 496-509
Author(s):  
K. Hara
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
Basic Concept ◽  
Queuing Theory ◽  
Marine Traffic ◽  
Traffic Environment ◽  
Model Collision ◽  
Probability Of Collision ◽  
Collision Avoidance System

A basic concept for estimating the probability of collision for a ship navigating through a seaway with congested marine traffic can be derived by applying queuing theory to the relation between collision avoidance manœuvres and the traffic environment. Ships usually perform various ‘services’, such as altering course or collision avoidance, to other ships and geographical obstacles; the analogy of the collision avoidance system to queuing is that each arrival of another ship represents a ‘customer’ and each manœuvre of own ship corresponds to a ‘service’. A model for a collision-avoidance system was constructed analytically from queuing theory and expressed numerically, under assumptions based on traffic surveys and the statistical analysis of collision avoidance procedures at sea, in order to study the feasibilities of the model.

Comparison of Metal-Oxide Nanoparticle Formation in the Cu and Sn Thin Films by the Reaction with Polyimide

2004 ◽  
Vol 449-452 ◽  
pp. 1237-1240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hwan Pil Park ◽  
Yoon Chung ◽  
Chong Seung Yoon ◽  
Sung Su Jo ◽  
Young Ho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Particle Size Distribution ◽  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles ◽  
Metal Films ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Polyamic Acid ◽  
Cu Films ◽  
Cu Film

We developed a simple method of producing metal oxide nanoparticles by reacting a polyamic acid (PAA) with Cu or Sn metal films. Respective particle size, distribution, and morphology were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The morphology of metal oxides dispersed in the polyimide is different in Cu and Sn metal films. The Cu2O particles were formed by the dissolution reaction between the polyamic acid and the Cu films. During curing, PAA dehydrates and converts to polyimide, accompanied by precipitation of Cu2O particles. The synthesized Cu2O particles were randomly dispersed within the polyimide. And their particle size was relatively uniform, having a narrow distribution. Mostly nanosize Cu2O particles were formed in the specimen made from 10 nm thick Cu film and the mixture of nanosize particles and Cu layers were observed in the 30 nm thick Cu film. On the other hands, the Sn film undergoes surface reaction with the polyamic acid. Therefore, the synthesized SnO2 particles existed only at the surface of the substrate. SnO2 particle size distribution was not uniform in the polyimide. Although particles were not distributed uniformly in the polyimide, they were confined in a monolayer. The different particle distributions were attributed to the reactivity difference of PAA with Cu and Sn films.

scholarly journals Analysis of Simulation Visualizations of Shipš Traffic

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Stanisław Gucma ◽  
Wojciech Ślączka
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Traffic Engineering ◽  
Simulation Research ◽  
Marine Traffic

Analysis of Simulation Visualizations of Shipš Traffic In the article the problem of comparison and compatibility of the results of simulation research have been conducted on various simulators of ship's traffic with two different methods of visualization (types of visualizations) is being examined. In both cases the similar mathematical model of ships' traffic has been applied which had been verified by the methods used in marine traffic engineering. The research have been conducting on the new designed LNG terminal in Świnoujście.

A Unified Analytical Framework for Ship Domains

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Wang ◽  
Xianyao Meng ◽  
Qingyang Xu ◽  
Zuwen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Collision Avoidance ◽  
Traffic Engineering ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Domain Model ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Collision Risk ◽  
Marine Traffic ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Domain Models ◽  
Simulation Results

Most of the existing typical ship domains have been comprehensively reviewed and classified. Most of these ship domains are described in a geometrical manner that is difficult to apply to practices and simulations in marine traffic engineering. According to different types of geometrical ship domains, we have proposed mathematical models, based on which a unified analytical framework has been established. It is feasible and practical for the analytical models to be applied to the assessment of navigational safety, collision avoidance and trajectory planning, etc. Finally, some computer simulations and comparative studies of the proposed domain model have been presented and the simulation results show that the uniform analytical framework for ship domains is effective and identical to the original geometrical ones. It should be noted that the analytical domain models could be directly applied in any collision risk, collision avoidance or VTS system while the geometrical ones would be more illustrative but less practical or analytical.

Simple Method of Synthesizing Nickel–Nitrilotriacetic Acid Gold Nanoparticles with a Narrow Size Distribution for Protein Labeling

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 095002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiyuki Kitai ◽  
Yuta Watanabe ◽  
Yoko Y. Toyoshima ◽  
Takuya Kobayashi ◽  
Takashi Murayama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Nitrilotriacetic Acid ◽  
Protein Labeling ◽  
Narrow Size Distribution ◽  
Simple Method
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