The organization of cell surface membrane domains

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 804-805
Author(s):  
Michael Edidin
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Surface Membrane ◽  
Lateral Diffusion ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Membrane Domains ◽  
Membrane Biology ◽  
Morphological Polarity ◽  
Discrete Domains ◽  
Membrane Components

Cell surface membranes are based on a fluid lipid bilayer and models of the membranes' organization have emphasised the possibilities for lateral motion of membrane lipids and proteins within the bilayer. Two recent trends in cell and membrane biology make us consider ways in which membrane organization works against its inherent fluidity, localizing both lipids and proteins into discrete domains. There is evidence for such domains, even in cells without obvious morphological polarity and organization [Table 1]. Cells that are morphologically polarised, for example epithelial cells, raise the issue of membrane domains in an accute form.The technique of fluorescence photobleaching and recovery, FPR, was developed to measure lateral diffusion of membrane components. It has also proven to be a powerful tool for the analysis of constraints to lateral mobility. FPR resolves several sorts of membrane domains, all on the micrometer scale, in several different cell types.

scholarly journals Kv2.1 cell surface clusters are insertion platforms for ion channel delivery to the plasma membrane

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (15) ◽  
pp. 2917-2929 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Deutsch ◽  
Aubrey V. Weigel ◽  
Elizabeth J. Akin ◽  
Phil Fox ◽  
Gentry Hansen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Protein ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Ion Channel ◽  
Protein Trafficking ◽  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Surface Membrane ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Homogeneous Surface ◽  
Hek Cells ◽  
Membrane Protein Trafficking

Voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channels regulate membrane potential in many cell types. Although the channel surface density and location must be well controlled, little is known about Kv channel delivery and retrieval on the cell surface. The Kv2.1 channel localizes to micron-sized clusters in neurons and transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells, where it is nonconducting. Because Kv2.1 is postulated to be involved in soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor attachment protein receptor–mediated membrane fusion, we examined the hypothesis that these surface clusters are specialized platforms involved in membrane protein trafficking. Total internal reflection–based fluorescence recovery after photobleaching studies and quantum dot imaging of single Kv2.1 channels revealed that Kv2.1-containing vesicles deliver cargo at the Kv2.1 surface clusters in both transfected HEK cells and hippocampal neurons. More than 85% of cytoplasmic and recycling Kv2.1 channels was delivered to the cell surface at the cluster perimeter in both cell types. At least 85% of recycling Kv1.4, which, unlike Kv2.1, has a homogeneous surface distribution, is also delivered here. Actin depolymerization resulted in Kv2.1 exocytosis at cluster-free surface membrane. These results indicate that one nonconducting function of Kv2.1 is to form microdomains involved in membrane protein trafficking. This study is the first to identify stable cell surface platforms involved in ion channel trafficking.

Alterations in cell surface membrane components of adapting rat small intestinal epithelium

1978 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 1066-1072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh J. Freeman ◽  
Marilynn E. Etzler ◽  
Arthur B. Garrido ◽  
Young S. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Intestinal Epithelium ◽  
Surface Membrane ◽  
Small Intestinal Epithelium ◽  
Cell Surface Membrane ◽  
Small Intestinal ◽  
Membrane Components

scholarly journals Surface redistribution and release of antibody-induced caps in entamoebae.

1980 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 184-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Calderón ◽  
M de Lourdes Muñoz ◽  
H M Acosta
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Surface Segregation ◽  
Surface Membrane ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Surface Antigens ◽  
Spontaneous Release ◽  
Plasma Membrane Regeneration ◽  
Membrane Components ◽  
Radiolabeled Antibodies

Polyspecific antibodies bound to Entamoeba induced surface redistribution of membrane components toward the uroid region. Capping of surface antigens was obtained with a single layer of antibodies in E. histolytica and E. invadens. This surface segregation progressed to a large accumulation of folded plasma membrane that extruded as a defined vesicular cap. A spontaneous release of the cap at the end of the capping process took place. These released caps contained most of the antibodies that originally bound to the whole cell surface. Two-thirds of radiolabeled antibodies bound to the surface of E. histolytica were released into the medium in 2 h. Successive capping induced by repeated exposure of E. invadens to antibodies produced conglomerates of folded surface membrane, visualized as stacked caps, in proportion to the number of antibody exposures. These results indicate the remarkable ability of Entamoeba to rapidly regenerate substantial amounts of plasma membbrane. The properties of surface redistribution, liberation of caps, and plasma membrane regeneration, may contribute to the survival of the parasite in the host during infection.

scholarly journals Involvement of Raft-Like Plasma Membrane Domains of Entamoeba histolytica in Pinocytosis and Adhesion

2004 ◽  
Vol 72 (9) ◽  
pp. 5349-5357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Laughlin ◽  
Glen C. McGugan ◽  
Rhonda R. Powell ◽  
Brenda H. Welter ◽  
Lesly A. Temesvari
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Entamoeba Histolytica ◽  
Fluid Phase ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cysteine Proteases ◽  
Membrane Domains ◽  
Cell Surface Molecule ◽  
Physiological Relevance ◽  
Plasma Membrane Domains

ABSTRACT Lipid rafts are highly ordered, cholesterol-rich, and detergent-resistant microdomains found in the plasma membrane of many eukaryotic cells. These domains play important roles in endocytosis, secretion, and adhesion in a variety of cell types. The parasitic protozoan Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amoebic dysentery, was determined to have raft-like plasma membrane domains by use of fluorescent lipid analogs that specifically partition into raft and nonraft regions of the membrane. Disruption of raft-like membrane domains in Entamoeba with the cholesterol-binding agents filipin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin resulted in the inhibition of several important virulence functions, fluid-phase pinocytosis, and adhesion to host cell monolayers. However, disruption of raft-like domains did not inhibit constitutive secretion of cysteine proteases, another important virulence function of Entamoeba. Flotation of the cold Triton X-100-insoluble portion of membranes on sucrose gradients revealed that the heavy, intermediate, and light subunits of the galactose-N-acetylgalactosamine-inhibitible lectin, an important cell surface adhesion molecule of Entamoeba, were enriched in cholesterol-rich (raft-like) fractions, whereas EhCP5, another cell surface molecule, was not enriched in these fractions. The subunits of the lectin were also observed in high-density, actin-rich fractions of the sucrose gradient. Together, these data suggest that pinocytosis and adhesion are raft-dependent functions in this pathogen. This is the first report describing the existence and physiological relevance of raft-like membrane domains in E. histolytica.

Ischemia-induced loss of epithelial polarity: potential role of the actin cytoskeleton

1991 ◽  
Vol 260 (6) ◽  
pp. F769-F778 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. Molitoris
Keyword(s):  
Proximal Tubule ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Basolateral Membrane ◽  
Surface Membrane ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Epithelial Polarity ◽  
Membrane Domains ◽  
Cortical Actin ◽  
Proximal Tubule Cells ◽  
Tubule Cells

Proximal tubule cells play a major role in the reabsorption of ions, water, and solutes from the glomerular filtrate. This is accomplished, in large part, by a surface membrane polarized into structurally, biochemically, and physiologically distinct apical and basolateral membrane domains separated by cellular junctional complexes. Establishment and maintenance of these unique membrane domains is essential for the normal functioning of proximal tubular cells and is dependent on cortical actin cytoskeletal-surface membrane interactions. Ischemia results in the duration-dependent loss of apical and basolateral surface membrane lipid and protein polarity. This loss of surface membrane polarity is associated with disruption of the cortical actin microfilament network and the opening of cellular tight junctions. Surface membrane lipids and proteins are then free to diffuse laterally within the membrane bilayer into the alternate membrane domain. Functionally, ischemia-induced loss of epithelial polarity is, in part, responsible for reduced sodium and glucose reabsorption. With recovery, proximal tubule cells undergo remodeling of the surface membrane such that the unique apical and basolateral membrane domains are reestablished allowing normal cellular function to return.

scholarly journals Membrane flow during nematode spermiogenesis.

1982 ◽  
Vol 92 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
T M Roberts ◽  
S Ward
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Diffusion Coefficients ◽  
Surface Membrane ◽  
Lateral Diffusion ◽  
Bulk Flow ◽  
Membrane Glycoproteins ◽  
Membrane Flow ◽  
Latex Beads ◽  
Membrane Components

Two distinct types of surface membrane rearrangement occur during the differentiation of Caenorhabditis elegans spermatids into amoeboid spermatozoa. The first, detected by the behavior of latex beads attached to the surface, is a nondirected, intermittent movement of discrete portions of the membrane. This movement starts when spermatids are stimulated to differentiate and stops when a pseudopod is formed. The second type of movement is a directed, continual flow of membrane components from the tip of the pseudopod to its base. Both membrane glycoproteins and fluorescent phospholipids inserted in the membrane flow backward at the same rate, approximately 4 micrometers/min, although their lateral diffusion coefficients in the membrane differ by at least a factor of 5. These observations suggest that pseudopodial membrane movement is due to bulk flow of membrane components away from the tip of the pseudopod.

scholarly journals New insights into the cell biology of ischemic acute renal failure.

1991 ◽  
Vol 1 (12) ◽  
pp. 1263-1270 ◽  
Author(s):  
B A Molitoris
Keyword(s):  
Proximal Tubule ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Basolateral Membrane ◽  
Surface Membrane ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Membrane Domains ◽  
Proximal Tubule Cells ◽  
Glomerular Filtrate ◽  
Tubule Cells

Proximal tubule cells play an essential role in the reabsorption of ions, water, and solutes from the glomerular filtrate. This is accomplished, in large part, by having a surface membrane polarized into structurally, biochemically, and physiologically distinct apical and basolateral membrane domains separated by cellular junctional complexes. Establishment and maintenance of these unique membrane domains are essential for the normal functioning of the cell. Ischemia results in the duration-dependent loss of apical and basolateral surface membrane lipid and protein polarity. Loss of surface membrane polarity is preceded by disruption of the microfilament network and opening of cellular tight junctions. Surface membrane lipids and proteins are then free to diffuse laterally within the bilayer into the alternate membrane domain. Functionally, ischemia-induced loss of epithelial polarity has been shown to be responsible for reduced sodium and glucose reabsorption. Reduced Na+ reabsorption has been related to redistribution of Na+, K(+)-ATPase into the apical membrane. During recovery from ischemic injury, proximal tubule cells undergo remodeling of the surface membrane such that the unique apical and basolateral membrane domains are reestablished, allowing for the return of normal cellular function.

scholarly journals Galectin–glycan lattices regulate cell-surface glycoprotein organization and signalling

2008 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1472-1477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omai B. Garner ◽  
Linda G. Baum
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Surface Glycoprotein ◽  
Membrane Domains ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Cell Surface Glycoprotein

The formation of multivalent complexes of soluble galectins with glycoprotein receptors on the plasma membrane helps to organize glycoprotein assemblies on the surface of the cell. In some cell types, this formation of galectin–glycan lattices or scaffolds is critical for organizing plasma membrane domains, such as lipid rafts, or for targeted delivery of glycoproteins to the apical or basolateral surface. Galectin–glycan lattice formation is also involved in regulating the signalling threshold of some cell-surface glycoproteins, including T-cell receptors and growth factor receptors. Finally, galectin–glycan lattices can determine receptor residency time by inhibiting endocytosis of glycoprotein receptors from the cell surface, thus modulating the magnitude or duration of signalling from the cell surface. This paper reviews recent evidence in vitro and in vivo for critical physiological and cellular functions that are regulated by galectin–glycoprotein interactions.

scholarly journals Immunohistochemical localization of cellCAM 105 in rat tissues: appearance in epithelia, platelets, and granulocytes.

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 729-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Odin ◽  
M Asplund ◽  
C Busch ◽  
B Obrink
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Surface Membrane ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Contact ◽  
Rat Tissues ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Surface Distribution ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
Cell Cell

CellCAM 105 is an integral membrane glycoprotein, with apparent Mr 105,000, which has been purified from rat liver plasma membranes. It consists of two structurally similar, highly glycosylated polypeptide chains and is involved in cell-cell adhesion of adult rat hepatocytes in vitro. In this communication we report on the distribution and cell surface location of cellCAM 105 in rat tissues, obtained by using highly sensitive immunodetection systems based on complex formation between biotinylated antibodies, biotinylated peroxidase and avidin, or on antibodies coupled to alkaline phosphatase. CellCAM was found in many organs and organ systems, including liver, kidney, blood, blood vessels, glands, respiratory system, and gastrointestinal tract. It was mainly localized to epithelial structures but showed a varying cell surface distribution. In some cell types it was predominantly localized to cell-cell contact areas. In other cell types the highest concentrations were seen in brush-border areas containing densely packed microvilli. In addition to epithelial structures, cellCAM 105 was found in rat platelets, where it became strongly expressed on the cell surfaces after activation with ADP or collagen, suggesting that it might be involved in platelet adhesion and/or aggregation mechanisms. Granulocytes also contained cellCAM 105. By SDS-PAGE/immunoblotting, significant differences were found in the apparent Mr values of cellCAM 105 in different tissues. The collected data suggest that cellCAM 105 participates in several different cell surface membrane interactions, of which the common denominator might be membrane-membrane binding.

scholarly journals Diffusion and regionalization in membranes of maturing ram spermatozoa.

1984 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 1678-1684 ◽  
Author(s):  
D E Wolf ◽  
J K Voglmayr
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Plasma Membranes ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Lateral Diffusion ◽  
Mammalian Sperm ◽  
Epididymal Maturation ◽  
Cell Plasma ◽  
Sperm Plasma Membrane ◽  
Membrane Components

An essential feature of the "fluid mosaic model" (Singer, S. J., and G. L. Nicolson , 1972, Science (Wash. DC)., 175:720-731) of the cell plasma membrane is the ability of membrane lipids and proteins to diffuse laterally in the plane of the membrane. Mammalian sperm are capable of overcoming free random diffusion and restricting specific membrane components, both lipid and protein, to defined regions of the sperm's surface. The patterns of these regionalizations evolve with the processes of sperm differentiation: spermatogenesis, epididymal maturation, and capacitation. We have used the technique of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching to measure the diffusion of the lipid analogue 1,1'- dihexadecyl 3,3,3',3'- tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate ( C16dil ) on the different morphological regions of testicular and ejaculated ram spermatozoa. We have found: (a) that the major morphologically distinct regions (head, midpiece, and tail) of the plasma membrane of both testicular and ejaculated spermatozoa are also physically distinct as measured by C16dil diffusibility; (b) that despite regional differences in diffusibility there is exchange of this lipid analogue by lateral diffusion between the major morphological regions of the plasma membrane; and (c) that epididymal maturation results in changes in C16dil diffusibility in the different regions of the sperm plasma membrane. In particular, the plasma membranes of the anterior and posterior heads become physically distinct.

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