Worldwide Distribution of Purple and Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusandC. esculentus)

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo E. Bendixen ◽  
U. B. Nandihalli
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Weed Competition ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
The Family

The family Cyperaceae includes approximately 3000 species, of which about 220 species are identified as weeds (Table 1). Nearly 42% of these weeds are in the genusCyperus. An additional 43% are in three other genera,Eleocharis,Scirpus, andFimbristylis. The remaining 15% are found in six other genera,Scleria,Kyllinga,Rhynchospora,Bulbostylis,Fuira, andDichromena. Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL. # CYPRO) was identified as the world's worst weed based on the number of countries where it was reported as a serious, principal, or common weed. Competition with crops was the major factor in determining weediness. From the same report, yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL. # CYPES) ranked sixteenth. This contrasts with relative rankings of these two species in the United States where yellow nutsedge is more widespread than purple nutsedge.

Description of Purple and Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusandC. esculentus)

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gene D. Wills
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North Carolina ◽  
Southern California ◽  
The United States ◽  
Southern Region ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
The World

Both purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL. # CYPRO) and yellow nutsedge (C. esculentusL. # CYPES) are problem weeds in crops in many parts of the world. Yellow nutsedge is found in all U.S. states. Purple nutsedge is confined to the southern region of the United States, ranging from North Carolina across southern Arkansas and into southern California.

Response of Purple and Yellow Nutsedge to Dichlobenil

Weed Science ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Hardcastle ◽  
R. E. Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge

Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) tubers were stored at 5 C in soil treated at 0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, or 10 lb/A 2,6-dichlorobenzontrile (dichlobenil) for 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 weeks. Respiration of dormant tubers differed with species, unaffected by period of storage or dichlobenil concentration. Sprouting of untreated tubers decreased from 90% after 2 weeks storage to 43% after 12 weeks. Yellow nutsedge sprout production was uniform in time; purple nutsedge sprouting progressed to an 8-week high. Increased concentrations of dichlobenil progressively inhibited sprouting.

Control of Nutsedge with Organic Arsenical Herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 601-606 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Keeley ◽  
R. J. Thullen
Keyword(s):  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge

Nonradioactive and14C-labeled arsenical herbicides were applied to foliage of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL.) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.) grown under greenhouse and growth chamber conditions. Disodium methanearsonate (DSMA) controlled purple nutsedge better at 20 and 29 C than at 13 C. Monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA) was as effective in controlling this weed at 13 C as at 20 and 29 C. DSMA and MSMA provided 80% or greater control of yellow nutsedge grown at the three temperatures. When plants were treated with14C-DSMA and14C-MSMA, greater radioactivity was detected in yellow nutsedge than in purple nutsedge. The apparent differential herbicide penetration of purple and yellow nutsedge leaves is believed to have contributed substantially to the control of nutsedge observed in this study.

Evaluation of the Relative Phytotoxicity of Herbicides to Cotton and Nutsedge

Weed Science ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. Keeley ◽  
C. H. Carter ◽  
J. H. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Severely Injured ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Shoot Weight ◽  
Low Rate

The following herbicides were evaluated for relative phytotoxicity to cotton(Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Acala SJ-1′), purple nutsedge(Cyperus rotundusL.), and yellow nutsedge(Cyperus esculentusL.) under greenhouse conditions: 2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide (alachlor); 2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(butoxymethyl)acetanilide (CP-53619); 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-dione (VCS-438); 4-chloro-5-(dimethylamino)-2-α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone (San-6706); 2-(α naphthoxy)-N,N-diethyl-propionamide (R-7465); andS-isopropyl 5-ethyl-2-methyl-piperidine-1-carbiothioate (R-12001). Herbicides were incorporated 6.35 cm deep, at rates of 1.12, 2.24, and 4.48 kg/ha, into a fine sandy loam prior to planting. All treatments except the low rate of alachlor and VCS-438 controlled yellow nutsedge for 8 weeks. R-7465 and R-12001 at 1.12 kg/ha and San-6706 at 2.24 kg/ha controlled purple nutsedge for 8 weeks. Alachlor and CP-53619 were somewhat less effective against purple nutsedge than yellow nutsedge, but their intermediate rates suppressed purple nutsedge for 4 weeks. Even the high rate of VCS-438 was ineffective against purple nutsedge. Cotton, in terms of fresh shoot weight, exhibited considerable tolerance to 1.12 and 2.24 kg/ha of VCS-438 and CP-53619 and 1.12 kg/ha of R-7465. Applications of 2.24 kg/ha of CP-53619 and 1.12 kg/ha of R-7465, however, suppressed the development of lateral roots of cotton. Other rates of these herbicides and all rates of alachlor, R-12001, and San-6706 moderately to severely injured cotton in most of the experiments.

Glyphosate Hinders Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) and Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Tuber Production

Weed Science ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 735-742 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore M. Webster ◽  
Timothy L. Grey ◽  
Jerry W. Davis ◽  
A Stanley Culpepper
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Shoots ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Tuber Production ◽  
Primary Means ◽  
Phase Out

The phase-out of methyl bromide requires alternative nutsedge management options in vegetable systems. Options that target tuber production, the primary means of reproduction, will be most beneficial. A study was conducted to evaluate the response of purple nutsedge and yellow nutsedge foliar growth and tuber production to a range of glyphosate rates. Glyphosate was applied at six rates between 0.41 and 2.57 kg ae ha−1to 5-wk-old nutsedge plants with multiple shoots. The rate of glyphosate needed to reduce growth 50% (I50) was similar for purple nutsedge foliar growth (0.58 kg ha−1) and tuber biomass (0.55 kg ha−1). In contrast,I50for yellow nutsedge foliar growth was 0.73 kg ha−1, which was greater than theI50for tuber biomass (0.41 kg ha−1). First-order tubers, those directly attached to the initial tuber, had anI50of 0.70 and 0.44 kg ha−1of glyphosate for purple nutsedge and yellow nutsedge tuber biomass, respectively. For all higher-order tubers,I50values ranged from 0.29 to 0.60 and 0.14 to 0.30 kg ha−1of glyphosate for purple nutsedge and yellow nutsedge tuber biomass, respectively. Glyphosate at 0.74 kg ha−1prevented fourth-order purple nutsedge and third-order yellow nutsedge tuber production (terminal tubers for yellow nutsedge). Fifth- and sixth-order purple nutsedge tuber production was eliminated by the lowest tested rate of glyphosate (0.41 kg ha−1). Effective nutsedge management options will require consistent control between spring and autumn crops. Glyphosate is economical, poses no herbicide carryover issues to vegetables, and minimizes nutsedge tuber production; therefore, it is a suitable candidate to manage nutsedges.

Genetic Variation in Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)

Weed Science ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Horak ◽  
Jodie S. Holt ◽  
Norman C. Ellstrand
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Cyperus Esculentus ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Yellow Nutsedge ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity ◽  
Starch Gel

Genetic diversity within and among populations of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL. # CYPES) was analyzed to evaluate and quantify the genetic consequences of the reported predominance of asexually-produced tubers as colonizing agents. Ten populations were examined using starch gel electrophoresis for allozyme analysis. Four populations of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL. # CYPRO) were surveyed for comparison. Twelve loci were identified in yellow nutsedge among the eight enzyme systems examined; ten of these loci were found in purple nutsedge. Yellow nutsedge showed relatively low genetic diversity. Most of the genetic diversity occurred as differences among individuals within populations (Hs), compared to differences among populations (Dst) for the four variable loci identified in this species. Thus, most genetic distancesbetween its populations were small. Generally, only a few genotypes occurred within each population. Purple nutsedge was found to possess even lower within- and among-population gene and genotypic diversity. This study supports the view that tubers account for most of the establishment of new populations of both species.

scholarly journals Phenyl Isothiocyanate Performance on Purple Nutsedge under Virtually Impermeable Film Mulch

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 402-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjeev K. Bangarwa ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Edward E. Gbur ◽  
John D. Mattice
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Exposure Period ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Southern United States ◽  
Phenyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Purple Nutsedge

Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) is a troublesome weed in vegetable crops in the southern United States. Methyl bromide is widely used for effective purple nutsedge control in polyethylene-mulched vegetable crops. With the impending ban on methyl bromide in the United States, an effective alternative is needed. Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of phenyl isothiocyanate (ITC) concentration and exposure period on purple nutsedge tuber viability and to compare the retention of phenyl ITC in soil under low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and virtually impermeable film (VIF) mulches. Additionally, field experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of phenyl ITC under VIF mulch against purple nutsedge. A phenyl ITC concentration of 676 ppm in soil for 3 days in a sealed environment reduced purple nutsedge tuber viability by 97% compared with a nontreated control. Phenyl ITC retention was higher in soil covered with VIF mulch than with LDPE mulch. The predicted half-life of phenyl ITC under LDPE and VIF mulch was 6.1 and 8.9 days, respectively. In field experiments, phenyl ITC at 1500 kg·ha−1 under VIF mulch suppressed purple nutsedge shoots and reduced viable tuber density ≥72%, but control was not as effective as methyl bromide at 390 kg·ha−1 (67% methyl bromide:33% chloropicrin). Therefore, phenyl ITC up to 1500 kg·ha−1 under a VIF mulch is not a viable alternative to methyl bromide for effective purple nutsedge control.

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