Timing and Measurement of Weed Seed Shed in Corn (Zea mays)

1996 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Forcella ◽  
Dean H. Peterson ◽  
James C. Barbour
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Seed Processing ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Total Seed

In west central Minnesota the extent and duration of weed seed shed was measured for two years in corn that received cultivation but no herbicides. Percentage of seed production represented by viable (filled) seeds was about 79% for green foxtail, 68% for wild mustard, 49% for Pennsylvania smartweed, 48% for common lambsquarters, and 35% for redroot pigweed. Percentage viable seeds varied from 11% in 1993 to 59% in 1994 for redroot pigweed, but was more stable for other species. Seed shed commenced in late August in a cool year (1993) and early August in a warm year (1994). Average growing degree days (base 10 C) from corn planting until 25% seed shed was 983 for common lambsquarters, 984 for wild mustard, 1004 for Pennsylvania smartweed, and 1034 for both green foxtail and redroot pigweed. Brief weather events, such as wind storms, dispersed large percentages of total seed production within a single day. More than one-fifth of all viable seeds of green foxtail, redroot pigweed, and common lambsquarters were retained by the seedheads and dispersed by combines at harvest. In contrast, seeds of early-maturing species, such as wild mustard, were completely dispersed before corn harvest in the warmer year, but one-third of seeds were retained by seedheads at harvest in the cooler year. Measurement of seed shed was compared using five seed trap designs. The preferred design consisted of a 10-cm-diam plastic cup, whose bottom was replaced by a brass screen, and the entire unit attached to a small wooden stake for support. This design provided, on average, the highest estimates of seed production, least among-replication variability, highest correlation with weed population density and aboveground dry-weight, lowest assembly cost, and greatest ease for sample access and seed processing.

Incidence of Weed Seed in Cow (Bossp.) Manure and its Importance as a Weed Source for Cropland

1994 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 304-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Mt. Pleasant ◽  
Kenneth J. Schlather
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Seed Source ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Noxious Weeds ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Soil Seedbank ◽  
Viable Seeds

Manure applied to cropland may serve as a source of weed introduction and dispersal. In 36 manure samples from 20 farms, apparently-viable seeds from 13 grasses and 35 broadleaf plants were found. Common lambsquarters was on more than half the farms, yellow foxtail on 35%, common chickweed and dandelion on 30%, and wild mustard, redroot pigweed, and barnyardgrass on 25%. Four farms had manure with no seeds at all; the remainder averaged 75 100 per 1000 kg manure. Twelve milking-cow and heifer barns on six farms with large velvetleaf infestations also were sampled with an average of 133 000 seeds per 1000 kg manure. Only one barn contained velvetleaf seeds. When compared to soil seedbank numbers, manure is not an important seed source for New York farms. However, problems may arise with imported feeds heavily infested with weed seed or which contain even small numbers of noxious weeds.

scholarly journals Weed management in cranberry bean with linuron

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 881-888 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Robert Nurse ◽  
Christy Shropshire ◽  
Peter Sikkema
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Green Foxtail

Soltani, N., Nurse, R. E., Shropshire, C. and Sikkema, P. H. 2011. Weed management in cranberry bean with linuron. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 881–888. Field studies were conducted at the Huron Research Station near Exeter, Ontario, in 2006 to 2009 to determine if the sequential application of trifluralin plus imazethapyr applied preplant incorporated (PPI) followed by linuron applied pre-emergence (PRE) at various doses can be used as an effective weed management strategy in cranberry bean production. There was minimal crop injury (6% or less) with various herbicides evaluated at 1 and 4 wk after emergence (WAE). Trifluralin plus imazethapyr applied PPI provided 97 to 100% control of common lambsquarters, 100% control of redroot pigweed, 99 to 100% control of wild mustard, 93 to 100% control of common ragweed, and 97 to 100% control of green foxtail. Linuron applied PRE provided 11 to 100% control of common lambsquarters, 90 to 100% control of redroot pigweed, 78 to 100% control of wild mustard, 71 to 100% control of common ragweed, and 20 to 100% control of green foxtail. The sequential application of trifluralin plus imazethapyr applied PPI followed by linuron applied PRE at various doses provided 100% control of common lambsquarters, 100% control of redroot pigweed, 100% control of wild mustard, 96 to 100% control of common ragweed, and 97 to 100% control of green foxtail. Weed density and shoot dry weight correlated well with the level of weed control. All of the herbicide treatments evaluated increased cranberry bean yield compared with the weedy control. Based on these results the sequential application of imazethapyr plus trifluralin applied PPI followed by linuron applied PRE at 1000 and 2500 g a.i. ha−1 provides a safe and efficacious weed management strategy in cranberry bean production.

Halosulfuron Tank-Mixes Applied PRE in White Bean

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenyi Li ◽  
Rene C. Van Acker ◽  
Darren E. Robinson ◽  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Peter H. Sikkema
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Weed Density ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
White Bean ◽  
Bean Yield

White bean tolerance and weed control were examined by applying halosulfuron alone or in combination with pendimethalin, dimethenamid-P, orS-metolachlor applied PRE. All herbicides applied alone or in combination caused less than 3% visible injury 1 and 4 wk after emergence (WAE). Halosulfuron applied PRE provided greater than 95% control of common lambsquarters, wild mustard, redroot pigweed, and common ragweed and less than 55% control of green foxtail at 4 and 8 WAE. Weed density and dry weight at 8 WAE paralleled the control ratings. Dry bean yields in halosulfuron plus a soil applied grass herbicide did not differ compared to the weed-free control. Green foxtail competition with halosulfuron PRE applied alone resulted in reduced white bean yield compared to the weed-free control.

Seed bank characterization and emergence of a weed community in a moldboard plow system

Weed Science ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawit Mulugeta ◽  
David E. Stoltenberg
Keyword(s):  
Seed Bank ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Viable Seeds ◽  
Moldboard Plow

Field experiments were conducted in 1992 and 1993 to characterize the weed seed bank, to determine the influence of moldboard plowing and secondary soil disturbance on the emergence pattern of weeds, and to measure weed seed bank depletion by emergence in a long-term moldboard plow corn cropping system. Viable seeds of common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed, and each of 10 other species accounted for about 85, about 9, and less than 1%, respectively, of the total weed species in the seed bank. A negative binomial distribution described the spatial distribution of viable seeds of 10 species, but not of common lambsquarters or of redroot pigweed. Decreased density of seeds among species was associated with increased aggregation. Secondary soil disturbance increased the rate and magnitude of common lambs quarters emergence in 1992 but did not influence emergence in 1993. Secondary soil disturbance did not influence the magnitude and rate of emergence of redroot pigweed or velvetleaf. Whereas cumulative growing degree days from April through July were similar between years, the amount of rainfall was about 50% less in 1992 than in 1993. Secondary soil disturbance may have increased common lambsquarters emergence by increasing the availability of soil moisture and improving conditions for seed germination during the dry year. Even though seed bank depletion by seedling emergence was relatively low for all species, secondary soil disturbance in creased seed bank depletion of common lambsquarters and redroot pigweed about 7- and 3-fold, respectively, in 1992. Seasonal variation in the amount of rainfall may have influenced the effect of soil disturbance on emergence and seed bank depletion of common lambsquarters, which is the most abundant species in the weed community.

scholarly journals Weed Control in White Bean with Various Halosulfuron Tankmixes

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Robert E. Nurse ◽  
Christy Shropshire ◽  
Peter H. Sikkema
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
White Bean ◽  
Seed Yields

Four field trials were conducted over a three-year period (2011–2013) in southwestern Ontario to evaluate the level of weed control provided by various halosulfuron tankmixes applied preplant incorporated (PPI) in white bean. Trifluralin, s-metolachlor, halosulfuron, and imazethapyr applied alone or in combination caused 4% or less visible injury 1 and 4 weeks after emergence (WAE) in white bean. Trifluralin, s-metolachlor, halosulfuron, and imazethapyr applied PPI provided 80–96%, 84–95%, 83–100%, and 75–92% control of redroot pigweed; 19–28%, 30–40%, 97–99%, and 73–84% control of common ragweed; 94–96%, 63–82%, 96–100%, and 96–100% control of common lambsquarters; 14-15%, 12–35%, 100%, and 96–97% control of wild mustard; and 96–97%, 95–97%, 53–56%, and 80–82% control of green foxtail, respectively. The two- and three-way tankmixes of halosulfuron with trifluralin, s-metolachlor, or imazethapyr provided 85–100% control of redroot pigweed, 90–98% control of common ragweed, 97–100% control of common lambsquarters, 100% control of wild mustard, and 93–98% control of green foxtail. Weed density, weed biomass and white bean seed yields reflected the level of visible weed control.

Response of Four Summer Annual Weed Species to Mowing Frequency and Height

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 798-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
RaeLynn A. Butler ◽  
Sylvie M. Brouder ◽  
William G. Johnson ◽  
Kevin D. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Weed Seed ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Giant Ragweed ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2011 to evaluate the effect of mowing frequency and mowing height on four summer annual weed species (large crabgrass, barnyardgrass, giant ragweed, and common lambsquarters). Plants were clipped at three heights (5, 10, or 20 cm) and at two frequencies (single clipping or repeated clippings at the same height) to simulate mowing. A nonclipped control was also grown for each species. When clipped once, large crabgrass, barnyardgrass, and giant ragweed produced at least 90% of the total dry weight (DW) of the nonclipped plants, and common lambsquarters produced at least 75%. A single cut was generally not sufficient to prevent weed seed production or kill any of the weeds in this study. Repeated clipping reduced large crabgrass, giant ragweed, and common lambsquarters reproductive DW to 46, 27, and 10% respectively, of the nonclipped control. Barnyardgrass plants that were repeatedly clipped produced between 0 and 8% of the seed DW of nonclipped plants, depending on clipping height. Repeated clipping reduced weed total DW to below 40% for all species compared to nonclipped plants. Our results suggest that, unless combined with other weed management practices, repeated mowing may be necessary to limit the growth and seed production of these weed species.

Biologically effective rate of sulfentrazone applied pre-emergence in soybean

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 339-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly D. Walsh ◽  
Nader Soltani ◽  
David C. Hooker ◽  
Robert E. Nurse ◽  
Peter H. Sikkema
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Effective Rate ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Green Foxtail

Walsh, K. D., Soltani, N., Hooker, D. C., Nurse, R. E. and Sikkema, P. H. 2015. Biologically effective rate of sulfentrazone applied pre-emergence in soybean. Can. J. Plant Sci. 95: 339–344. Sulfentrazone is a protoporphyrinogen (PPO)-inhibiting herbicide under evaluation for use in soybean in Ontario, Canada. The primary objective of this study was to determine the dose of sulfentrazone applied pre-emergence (PRE) needed to provide 50 and 90% control of redroot pigweed, common ragweed, common lambsquarters and green foxtail. Seven field trials were conducted over a 3-yr period (2007, 2008 and 2009) in southwestern Ontario to evaluate the efficacy of sulfentrazone applied PRE at doses ranging from 26 to 1120 g a.i. ha−1. The doses of sulfentrazone applied PRE to reduce redroot pigweed, common ragweed, common lambsquarters and green foxtail dry weight by 50% were 104, 139, 15 and 65 g a.i. ha−1; doses of 241, 514, 133 and 721 g a.i. ha−1 of sulfentrazone were required for 90% reduction in above-ground biomass of those weed species, respectively. Sulfentrazone applied PRE caused soybean injury only at 560 and 1120 g a.i. ha−1, with 6 and 13% soybean injury at 4 wk after herbicide application (WAT), respectively. Weed control provided by sulfentrazone applied PRE at a dose of 600 g a.i. ha−1 was sufficient to maintain 90% of the soybean yield compared with the weed-free control. Therefore, PRE application of sulfentrazone has the potential to provide excellent (>90%) control of selected weeds with minimal to no crop injury; however, weed control varied by species, and thus broad spectrum weed control is not feasible using sulfentrazone alone.

scholarly journals Optimization of foramsulfuron doses for post-emergence weed control in maize (Zea mays L.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. e1005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Euro Pannacci
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Amaranthus Retroflexus ◽  
Recommended Dose ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Black Nightshade ◽  
Redroot Pigweed ◽  
Wild Mustard ◽  
Green Foxtail

Four field experiments were carried out from 2011 to 2014 in order to evaluate the effects of foramsulfuron, applied at the recommended (60.8 g a.i./ha) and reduced doses (1/3 and 2/3), on the efficacy against several of the most important weeds in maize. For each “year-weed” combination, dose-response curves were applied to estimate the dose of foramsulfuron required to obtain 90% and 95% weed control (ED90 and ED95). Foramsulfuron phytotoxicity on maize and crop yield were assessed. Foramsulfuron at 1/3 of the recommended dose (20.3 g a.i./ha) provided 95% efficacy against redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), green foxtail (Setaria viridis (L.) Beauv.), wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) and black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.). Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Medik.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) and barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) were satisfactorily controlled (95% weed efficacy) with ED95 ranged from 20 to 50 g/ha of foramsulfuron (about from 1/3 to 5/6 of the recommended dose) depending on growth stage. The recommended dose was effective against pale smartweed (Polygonum lapathifolium L.) at 2-4 true leaves (12-14 BBCH scale), but this dose did not kill plants larger than 2-4 true leaves. The ranking among weed species based on their susceptibility to foramsulfuron was: redroot pigweed = green foxtail = wild mustard = black nightshade > velvetleaf = common lambsquarters = barnyardgrass > pale smartweed. Dose of foramsulfuron can be reduced below recommended dose depending on weed species and growth stage. Foramsulfuron showed a good crop selectivity and had no negative effect on maize yield.

Interference and Seed Production by Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) in Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kent Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
Soybean Seed ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Significant Treatment ◽  
Weed Biomass ◽  
Common Lambsquarters

Multiple regression and response surface plots were used to analyze the effects of common lambsquarters population density and interference duration on weed growth and soybean seed yield. Under favorable growing conditions in 1986, weed biomass production at all population densities and interference durations was four to five times that produced in 1987, under less favorable conditions. However, there was no significant treatment by year interaction for soybean seed yield reduction by common lambsquarters, and production of each kg/ha weed biomass resulted in an average soybean yield reduction of 0.26 kg/ha. Utilizing 5% yield loss as an arbitrary threshold level, the regression equation predicted a common lambsquarters density threshold of 2 plants/m of row for 5 weeks of interference after crop emergence and 1 plant/m of row for 7 weeks. Seed production by individual common lambsquarters plants was highly correlated (r=0.92) with weed dry weight, and seed production ranged from 30 000 to 176 000 seeds/plant.

Weed Seedling Emergence and Survival as Affected by Crop Canopy

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 736-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randy L. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Crop Canopy ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Seedling Emergence And Survival ◽  
Weed Dynamics

This study measured impact of cool-season crops on seedling emergence, survival, and seed production of weeds common in corn and soybean. Weed dynamics were monitored in permanently marked quadrats in winter wheat, spring wheat, and canola. Three species, green foxtail, yellow foxtail, and common lambsquarters, comprised more than 80% of the weeds observed in the study. Seedling emergence was reduced by winter wheat, but not by spring wheat or canola, when compared with adjacent quadrats without a crop canopy. Approximately 10% of seedlings in spring wheat and canola developed into seed-bearing plants, but no seed-bearing plants were present in winter wheat at harvest. Common lambsquarters produced more than 1,100 seeds/plant, whereas a foxtail plant produced 85 seeds, averaged across spring wheat and canola. At harvest, new seedlings were present in all crops; thus, control after harvest will be required to prevent seed production in the fall. Winter wheat may provide an opportunity to disrupt population dynamics of weeds common in corn and soybean without requiring herbicides.

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