scholarly journals Cross-species infection of hepatitis E virus in a zoo-like location, including birds

2007 ◽  
Vol 136 (8) ◽  
pp. 1020-1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. ZHANG ◽  
Q. SHEN ◽  
J. MOU ◽  
Z. B. YANG ◽  
C. L. YUAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Positive Sequence ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Genotype 4 ◽  
Zoonotic Pathogen ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Animal Handlers

SUMMARYHepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic pathogen of which several species of animals are considered to be reservoirs. Thirty-eight faecal samples, obtained from 22 species of animals including birds in a wildlife first-aid centre in Eastern China, were tested for HEV RNA. Our survey revealed that in total 28·9% (95% confidence interval 14·5–43·4) of the faecal samples from various mammals and birds were HEV RNA positive. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the 11 isolates demonstrated that all sequences clustered in genotype 4 with 96–100% identity to each other. In addition, serum samples from seven animal handlers have shown that five (71·4%) were seropositive. The findings imply that cross-species infection of HEV had probably occurred in this zoo-like location, and moreover, birds can be infected naturally with mammalian HEV.

scholarly journals Genotype 4 Hepatitis E Virus Prevalent in Eastern China Shows Diverse Subtypes

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua Tian ◽  
Xingli Fu ◽  
Wang Li ◽  
Yuan Huang ◽  
Jiayao Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Genotype 4

scholarly journals Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) in Imported and Domestic Camels in Saudi Arabia – A Cross-Sectional Descriptive Molecular Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherif A. El-Kafrawy ◽  
Ahmed M. Hassan ◽  
Mai M. El-Daly ◽  
Mohammed Al-Hajri ◽  
Elmoubashar Farag ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Molecular Study ◽  
Amino Acid Difference ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Zoonotic Viruses

Abstract Camels gained attention since the discovery of MERS-CoV as intermediary hosts for potentially epidemic zoonotic viruses. DcHEV is a novel zoonotic pathogen associated with camel contact. This study aimed to genetically characterize DcHEV in domestic and imported camels in Saudi Arabia. DcHEV was detected by RT-PCR in serum samples, PCR-positive samples were subjected to sequencing and phylogenetic analyses. DcHEV was detected in 1.77% of samples with higher positivity in domestic DCs. All positive imported dromedaries were from Sudan with age declining prevalence. Domestic DcHEV sequences clustered with sequences from Kenya, Somalia, and UAE while imported sequences clustered with one DcHEV isolate from UAE and both sequences clustered away from isolates reported from Pakistan. Full-genome sequences showed 24 amino acid difference with reference sequences. Our results confirm the detection of DcHEV in domestic and imported DCs. Further investigations are needed in human and camel populations to identify DcHEV potential zoonosis threat.

scholarly journals Distribution and Genetic Diversity of Hepatitis E Virus in Wild and Domestic Rabbits in Australia

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1637
Author(s):  
Maria Jenckel ◽  
Ina Smith ◽  
Tegan King ◽  
Peter West ◽  
Patrick L. Taggart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Rabbit Liver ◽  
Wild Rabbit ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Domestic Rabbits ◽  
First Time

In 2020, Hepatitis E virus (HEV) was detected for the first time in Australian rabbits. To improve our understanding of the genetic diversity and distribution of the virus, 1635 rabbit liver samples from locations across Australia were screened via RT-qPCR for HEV. HEV genomes were amplified and sequenced from 48 positive samples. Furthermore, we tested 380 serum samples from 11 locations across Australia for antibodies against HEV. HEV was detected in rabbits from all states and territories, except the Northern Territory. Seroprevalence varied between locations (from 0% to 22%), demonstrating that HEV is widely distributed in rabbit populations across Australia. Phylogenetic analyses showed that Australian HEV sequences are genetically diverse and that HEV was likely introduced into Australia independently on several occasions. In summary, this study broadens our understanding of the genetic diversity of rabbit HEV globally and shows that the virus is endemic in both domestic and wild rabbit populations in Australia.

scholarly journals Identity of a Novel Swine Hepatitis E Virus in Taiwan Forming a Monophyletic Group with Taiwan Isolates of Human Hepatitis E Virus

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 3828-3834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sen-Yung Hsieh ◽  
Xiang-Jin Meng ◽  
Ying-Hua Wu ◽  
Shih-Tung Liu ◽  
Albert W. Tam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Genomic Sequence ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
The United States ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
History Of ◽  
Swine Hepatitis ◽  
Acute Hepatitis E ◽  
Swine Strain

Recently, we found that more than 10% of the cases of acute non-A, non-B, non-C hepatitis in Taiwan were caused by a novel strain of hepatitis E virus (HEV). Since none of these patients had a history of travel to areas where HEV is endemic, the source of transmission remains unclear. The recent discovery of a swine HEV in herd pigs in the United States has led us to speculate that HEV may also circulate in herd pigs in Taiwan and may serve as a reservoir for HEV in Taiwan. Of 275 herd pigs obtained from 10 pig farms in Taiwan, 102 (37%) were seropositive for serum anti-HEV immunoglobulin G (IgG). A 185-bp genomic sequence within the ORF-2 of the HEV genome was amplified and cloned from serum samples of an anti-HEV positive pig and subsequently from serum samples of a patient with acute hepatitis E. Sequence comparison revealed that the swine and human isolates of HEV share 97.3% identity. Phylogenetic analyses further showed that the Taiwan swine and human isolates of HEV form a distinct branch divergent from all other known strains of HEV, including the U.S. swine strain. To examine the potential risk of cross-species transmission of swine HEV to humans, the seroprevalences of anti-HEV IgG in 30 swine handlers, 20 pork dealers, and 50 control subjects were assessed and were found to be 26.7, 15, and 8%, respectively (for swine handlers versus controls,P = 0.048). Our findings may help provide an understanding of the modes of HEV transmission and may also raise potential public health concerns for HEV zoonosis.

Full-Length Sequences of Two Hepatitis E Virus Isolates Representing an Eastern China-Indigenous Subgroup of Genotype 4

Intervirology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 181-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masami Koike ◽  
Kazuaki Takahashi ◽  
Shunji Mishiro ◽  
Atsushi Matsui ◽  
Mie Inao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Full Length ◽  
Genotype 4 ◽  
Virus Isolates

scholarly journals High Hepatitis E virus (HEV) Positivity Among Domestic Pigs and Risk of HEV Infection of Individuals Occupationally Exposed to Pigs and Pork Meat in Hanoi, Vietnam

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nghiem Xuan Hoan ◽  
Pham Xuan Huy ◽  
Bui Tien Sy ◽  
Christian G Meyer ◽  
Trinh Van Son ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Direct Sequencing ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Pork Meat ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Domestic Pigs ◽  
Occupationally Exposed ◽  
Liver Tissues

Abstract Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection can occur through consumption of undercooked pork meat or exposure to animal feces. Because there are scarce data only in developing countries, we assessed whether pigs might be a potential source of human HEV infections in Vietnam. In addition, we determined anti-HEV seroprevalences in the general population and in individuals professionally exposed to pigs and pork meat. Methods The study took place in Hanoi, Vietnam. Liver tissues from domestic pigs (n = 210) and serum samples obtained from individuals occupationally exposed to pigs and pork meat (n = 283) and from unexposed healthy controls (n = 168) were screened for HEV-ribonucleic acid (RNA) by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The exposed group was divided into pork meat vendors (n = 81), pig farmers (n = 96), and slaughterers (n = 106). Serum samples were subjected to HEV immunoglobulin (Ig)G and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The HEV genotypes were assessed by direct sequencing, followed by phylogenetic analyses. Results Hepatitis E virus seroprevalence was higher among persons occupationally exposed to pigs/pork meat compared with unexposed individuals (anti-HEV IgM 11% vs 6%, P = .07; anti-HEV IgG 53% vs 31%, P < .0001). Positivity of anti-HEV IgG among slaughterhouse staff was 66%, followed by 51% in pig-farmers and 38% in pork meat vendors (P = .00073). A similar trend was observed for IgM positivity. Of the pig liver tissues, 26 of 210 (12.4%) were positive for HEV-RNA and assessed to be HEV genotype 3. Conclusions Hepatitis E virus circulates in domestic pigs in Hanoi and constitutes a permanent zoonotic disease risk. The high HEV seroprevalence among occupationally exposed individuals indicates an associated risk of HEV infection.

scholarly journals Epidemiology and genotype 3 subtype dynamics of hepatitis E virus in Belgium, 2010 to 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Suin ◽  
Sofieke E Klamer ◽  
Veronik Hutse ◽  
Magali Wautier ◽  
Marjorie Jacques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Genotype 4 ◽  
Reference Centre ◽  
Surveillance Report ◽  
Epidemiological Trends

Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging public health concern in high-income countries and can cause acute and chronic hepatitis. Reported numbers of indigenously acquired HEV infection have increased in the past decade in many European countries. Since 2010, the National Reference Centre (NRC) for Hepatitis Viruses has been testing samples of suspected hepatitis E cases in Belgium. Aim In this surveillance report, we present the epidemiological trends of symptomatic HEV infections in Belgium, from the distribution by age, sex and geography to the molecular characterisation of the viral strains. Method Serum samples of suspected cases sent to the NRC between 2010 and 2017 were analysed for the presence of HEV-specific IgM and RNA. Virus was sequenced for genotyping and phylogenetic analysis in all samples containing sufficient viral RNA. Results The NRC reported an increase in the number of samples from suspected cases (from 309 to 2,663 per year) and in the number of laboratory-confirmed hepatitis E cases (from 25 to 117 per year). Among 217 sequenced samples, 92.6% were genotype 3 (HEV-3), followed by 6.5% of genotype 1 and 0.9% of genotype 4. HEV-3 subtype viruses were mainly 3f, 3c and 3e. HEV-3f was the most common subtype until 2015, while HEV-3c became the most common subtype in 2016 and 2017. Conclusion The increasing trend of HEV diagnoses in Belgium may be largely explained by increased awareness and testing.

Adaptation of Genotype 3 Hepatitis E Virus in Eastern China and Inverse Correlation with Genotype 4 Hepatitis E Virus

Intervirology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 356-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fusheng Si ◽  
Qian Yang ◽  
Yumin Zhu ◽  
Shijuan Dong ◽  
Ruisong Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Genotype 4

scholarly journals Autochthonous and Travel Acquired Hepatitis E Virus in Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacinta O’Keefe ◽  
Lilly Tracy ◽  
Lilly Yuen ◽  
Sara Bonanzinga ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Hepatitis E Virus ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
Genotype 1 ◽  
Genotype 3 ◽  
Genotype 4 ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Overseas Travel

BackgroundHepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common cause of acute viral hepatitis with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly in pregnant women. There are four major genotypes which can cause disease in humans. Genotypes 1 and 2 are usually associated with outbreaks and spread via facal/oral route or contaminated water. Genotypes 3 and 4 are zoonotic and usually associated with handling of pigs or consumption of contaminated pork. The strains circulating in Australia have never been characterized.Rationale/AimsThe aims for this project are to identify the HEV genotypes found in Australia and link them to possible sources of transmission by phylogenetic analysis.Materials and MethodsBetween 2015 and 2020, 91 HEV isolates were sequenced and genotyped using an in-house PCR. Sixty-six of these were also sequenced by using the international HEVnet primers. Genotypes were determined using the BLASTn program. Relatedness to other strains in Australia was determined by phylogenetic analyses of the HEVnet sequences. Isolates were also stratified by state of origin, gender, age, predisposing factors and travel history (if known).ResultsOf the 91 HEV isolates sequenced, 55 (60.4%) were genotype 1. There were 34 (37.4%) genotype 3 strains and two genotype 4 (2.2%). At least 20 of the genotype 1 strains have been linked to travel in India, and another three with Pakistan. Five of the “Indian” strains were closely related and are suspected to have originated in Gujarat. Phylogenetic analysis also showed that 12 genotype 3 strains were genetically related and potentially acquired in/from New South Wales, Australia. The two genotype 4 strains may have originated in China.DiscussionThis is the first study to describe the HEV isolates identified in Australia. The results infer that HEV may be acquired during overseas travel as well as locally, presumably from consumption of pork or pork-related products. The phylogenetic analyses also reveal clusters of infection originating from India and Pakistan. This study provides some insight into the source and epidemiology of HEV infection in Australia which may be used to guide public health procedure and enable the implementation of measures to deal with potential outbreaks of infection.

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