Large outbreak of cholera caused by El Tor variant Vibrio cholerae O1 in the eastern coast of Odisha, India during 2009

2013 ◽  
Vol 141 (12) ◽  
pp. 2560-2567 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. B. PAL ◽  
H. K. KHUNTIA ◽  
S. K. SAMAL ◽  
A. S. KERKETTA ◽  
S. K. KAR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Eastern Coast ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Close Monitoring ◽  
Rectal Swabs ◽  
Large Outbreak ◽  
El Tor ◽  
Mutation Assay

SUMMARYA large outbreak of cholera reported during April–July 2009 in the Kendrapada district of Odisha, India was investigated. Forty-one rectal swabs and 41 water samples, collected from diarrhoeal patients and from different villages were bacteriologically analysed for the isolation of bacterial enteriopathogens, antibiogram profile and detection of various toxic genes. The bacteriological analysis of rectal swabs and environmental water samples revealed the presence of V. cholerae O1 Ogawa biotype El Tor. The V. cholerae strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, ampicillin, furazolidone and nalidixic acid. The multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay on V. cholerae strains revealed the presence of ctxA and tcpA genes. The mismatch amplification of mutation assay (MAMA) PCR on clinical and environmental isolates of V. cholerae revealed that the strains were El Tor biotype, which harboured the ctxB gene of the classical strain. The random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis results indicated that the V. cholerae isolates belonged to the same clone. This investigation gives a warning that the El Tor variant of V. cholerae has spread to the coastal district causing a large outbreak that requires close monitoring and surveillance on diarrhoeal outbreaks in Odisha.

scholarly journals Variants of ctxB alleles of Vibrio cholerae O1 caused sequential cholera outbreaks in the tribal areas of Odisha, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bibhuti Bhusan Pal ◽  
Smruti Ranjan Nayak ◽  
Ashish Kumar Nayak ◽  
Dipti Ranjan Behera ◽  
Swatishree Pany ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Rectal Swabs ◽  
Outbreak Areas ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae O1 ◽  
El Tor ◽  
Tribal Areas ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Cholera localized outbreaks/epidemics accounting for high morbidity and mortality have been reported in different years both from the coastal and tribal districts of Odisha. In the present study, the emergence and spread of two sequential cholera outbreaks reported in July to October 2012 from Rayagada and Kalahandi districts of Odisha was investigated. Environmental water samples from different sources and rectal swabs from diarrhoea patients were analysed for identification, antibiogram profiles and molecular studies using DMAMA-PCR assays. The pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was done on some selected Vibrio cholerae O1 strains isolated from these cholera outbreak areas. Results showed 42% of rectal swabs and 2.3% of water samples collected from both the districts were positive for Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa biotype El Tor carrying both ctxB1 and ctxB7 genotypes. The common resistance profile of V. cholerae O1 strains was ampicillin, nalidixic acid, furazolidone and co-trimoxazole. The PFGE analysis on selected V. cholerae O1 strains of ctxB1 and ctxB7 genotypes showed three pulsotypes with 96% similarity matrix exhibiting the relationship with their respective water sources. Hence, continuous surveillance is highly essential to monitor the antibiogram profile and changing pattern of ctxB genotypes of V. cholerae O1 in this region.

scholarly journals Retrospective genomic analysis ofVibrio choleraeO1 El Tor strains from different places in India reveals the presence ofctxB-7allele found in Haitian isolates

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (11) ◽  
pp. 2212-2220 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. DE ◽  
T. RAMAMURTHY ◽  
B. L. SARKAR ◽  
A. K. MUKHOPADHYAY ◽  
G. P. PAZHANI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Analysis ◽  
Amino Acid Position ◽  
Toxin Production ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Gene Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
El Tor ◽  
Mutation Assay

SUMMARYA total of 45 strains ofVibrio choleraeO1 isolated from 10 different places in India where they were associated with cases of cholera between the years 2007 and 2008 were examined by molecular methods. With the help of phenotypic and genotypic tests the strains were confirmed to be O1 El Tor biotype strains with classicalctxBgene. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis by double – mismatch amplification mutation assay PCR showed 16 of these strains carried thectxB-7allele reported in Haitian strains. Sequencing of thectxBgene in all the 45 strains revealed that in 16 strains the histidine at the 20th amino acid position had been replaced by asparagine and this single nucleotide polymorphism did not affect cholera toxin production as revealed by beads enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This study shows that the newctxBgene sequence was circulating in different places in India. Seven representatives of these 45 strains analysed by pulsed – field gel electrophoresis showed four distinctNot Idigested profiles showing that multiple clones were causing cholera in 2007 and 2008.

scholarly journals Simultaneous direct detection of toxigenic and non-toxigenic Vibrio cholerae from rectal swabs and environmental samples by sandwich ELISA

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (10) ◽  
pp. 1340-1345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Urmil Tuteja ◽  
Sanjay Kumar ◽  
Jyoti Shukla ◽  
Joseph Kingston ◽  
Harsh V. Batra
Keyword(s):  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Sandwich Elisa ◽  
Simultaneous Detection ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Environmental Water Samples ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Rectal Swabs

A mAb-based simple, specific and rapid two-tip dipstick ELISA was developed for simultaneous detection of toxin- and non-toxin-producing strains of Vibrio cholerae, and for direct detection of V. cholerae from rectal swabs of patients and from environmental water samples. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies and murine mAbs were raised against recombinant protein (r-protein) antigens of cholera toxin B (CtxB) and outer membrane protein W (OmpW). Rabbit polyclonal antibodies to both r-proteins were coated individually onto the tips of nitrocellulose (NC) membranes of a two-tipped NC dipstick as capture antibodies and a mixture of two mAbs was used for the detecting antibodies. The test was found to be specific for V. cholerae strains O1, O139, non-O1 and non-O139, and did not show any cross-reaction to closely related bacterial strains. The test was evaluated on rectal swabs collected at the bedside of 75 hospitalized diarrhoeal patients and on 50 environmental water samples after enrichment for 4 h in alkaline peptone water. The mAb two-tip dipstick ELISA detected V. cholerae in 52/75 rectal swabs and 2/50 environmental water samples for CtxB antigen, and in 1/50 environmental water samples for the non-toxin OmpW antigen of V. cholerae within 1.5 h. These findings were identical to those observed using PCR and conventional culture methods. Thus, this mAb-based two-tip dipstick ELISA could be used for early and reliable simultaneous detection of toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains of V. cholerae from clinical and environmental water samples.

Acanthamoeba Species in Tap Water, Egypt

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Z Al-Herrawy ◽  
Mohamed A Marouf ◽  
Mahmoud A. Gad
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Pulmonary Infections ◽  
Clinical Syndromes ◽  
Acanthamoeba Species ◽  
Amebic Encephalitis ◽  
Acanthamoeba Culbertsoni ◽  
Autumn And Winter

Genus Acanthamoeba causes 3 clinical syndromes amebic keratitis, granulomatous amebic encephalitis and disseminated granulomatous amebic disease (eg, sinus, skin and pulmonary infections). A total of 144 tap water samples were collected from Giza governorate, Egypt. Samples were processed for detection of Acanthamoeba species using non-nutrient agar (NNA) and were incubated at 30oC. The isolates of Acanthamoeba were identified to species level based on the morphologic criteria. Molecular characterization of the Acanthamoeba isolates to genus level was performed by using PCR. The obtained results showed that the highest occurrence percentage of Acanthamoeba species in water samples was observed in summer season (38.9%), then it decreased to be 30.6% in spring and 25% in each of autumn and winter. PCR analysis showed that 100% of 43 Acanthamoeba morphologically positive samples were positive by genus specific primer. In the present study eight species of Acanthamoeba can be morphologically recognized namely Acanthamoeba triangularis, Acanthamoeba echinulata, Acanthamoeba astronyxis, Acanthamoeba comandoni, Acanthamoeba griffini, Acanthamoeba culbertsoni, Acanthamoeba quina and Acanthamoeba lenticulata. In conclusion, the most common Acanthamoeba species in tap water was Acanthamoeba comandoni

Improving Mycobacterium spp. detection in water: a new methodological proposal

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-106
Author(s):  
R. Santos ◽  
S. Gonçalves ◽  
F. Macieira ◽  
F. Oliveira ◽  
R. Rodrigues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Environmental Water Samples ◽  
Sample Treatment ◽  
Detection Time ◽  
Fast Detection ◽  
Enrichment Step ◽  
Mycobacterium Spp

In recent years, non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), once considered merely environmental saprophytes, have emerged as a major cause of opportunistic infections. There is no evidence of human-to-human transmission but they have been found in several environmental water samples. It is, therefore, of the utmost importance to develop methods of rapidly and accurately detecting non-tuberculous mycobacteria in water samples. To obtain a maximum recovery rate and a reduction of Mycobacterium spp. detection time in water samples, different decontamination, enrichment procedures and antibiotics supplements were tested before the inoculation into the Bactec® system. The proposed method of sample treatment (decrease in the decontamination time, followed for a peptone pre-enrichment step and an aztreonam and cefepime supplement) before the inoculation into the Bactec® system proved to be a good option for reliable and fast detection of Mycobacterium spp. in water samples.

The Occurrence of Male-Specific and Somatic Bacteriophages in Polluted South African Waters

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kfir ◽  
P. Coubrough ◽  
W. O. K. Grabow
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Environmental Water Samples ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Male Specific

The occurrence of somatic (F') and male-specific (F') coliphages and Salmonella phages in a variety of environmental water samples was studied using different bacterial hosts. The number of plaque-forming units (pfu) of the different bacteriophages were compared and their resistance pattern to a biological treatment (humus tank) and chlorination was evaluated. The presence of the bacteriophages in shellfish was also studied. The morphology of isolate bacteriophages was examined as well as the visibility of the different plaques formed. Coliphages were found to produce larger and clearer plaques than all other bacteriophages studied. In most of the environmental water samples coliphages outnumbered all other bacteriophages, with the exception of dam water in which higher levels of F' Salmonella phages were detected. The majority of the F' Salmonella phages were shown to be RNA bacteriophages.

scholarly journals SNP and SCAR Markers for Specific Discrimination of Antler-Shaped Ganoderma lucidum

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
O-Chul Kwon ◽  
Chang-Soo Lee ◽  
Young-Jin Park
Keyword(s):  
Ganoderma Lucidum ◽  
Gene Sequence ◽  
Rapd Analysis ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Scar Markers ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Specific Fragment

In this study we identified single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and sequence characteristic amplification region (SCAR) markers for specific identification of antler-shaped Ganoderma lucidum strains. When the partial mitochondrial SSU rDNA gene sequence of various antler- and kidney-shaped G. lucidum strains were analyzed and aligned, an SNP was found only in the antler-shaped G. lucidum strain at position 456 bp. In addition, this SNP of antler-shaped strains was digested by HinfI restriction enzyme. We further analyzed the polymorphism of various G. lucidum strains by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. In RAPD analysis, we isolated and sequenced a fragment, specific for antler-shaped G. lucidum strains. Based on this specific fragment sequence, two sets of specific primer pairs for antler-shaped G. lucidum strains were designed. PCR analysis revealed that two specific bands were observed only from antler-shaped strains. These two molecular markers will be helpful for identification of morphological characteristics of G. lucidum.

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