scholarly journals Prevalence of different HIV-1 subtypes in sexual transmission in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (10) ◽  
pp. 2144-2153 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. YUAN ◽  
H. CHENG ◽  
L.-S. CHEN ◽  
X. ZHANG ◽  
B. WANG
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Heterosexual Transmission ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Pooled Prevalence ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Subtype Distribution

SUMMARYSexual transmission has become the primary route of HIV transmission in China. Therefore, a comprehensive overview of HIV-1 subtype distribution is necessary for the prevention and control of the HIV epidemic. The present study aimed to provide a comprehensive prevalence estimate of different HIV-1 subtypes in sexual transmission in China. We conducted a systematic literature review for studies of HIV-1 subtypes in English and Chinese through several databases. Eligible articles were screened and selected by two authors independently. Random-effects model were applied to calculate the pooled prevalence of different HIV-1 subtypes, and subgroup analyses examined prevalence estimates across time, locations, and populations. A total of 130 eligible studies were identified, including 18 752 successfully genotyped samples. The pooled prevalence of CRF01_AE, subtype B, CRF07_BC, CRF08_BC, and subtype C were 44·54% (95% CI 40·81–48·30), 18·31% (95% CI 14·71–22·17), 16·45% (95% CI 13·82–19·25), 2·55% (95% CI 1·56–3·73), 0·37% (95% CI 0·11–0·72), respectively. The prevalence of subtype B in sexual transmission decreased, while the prevalence of CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC in sexual transmission, and CRF08_BC in heterosexual transmission increased. There is significant variation in HIV-1 subtype distribution between regions. The distribution of HIV-1 subtypes and circulating recombinant forms have changed significantly. The high genetic variability of HIV-1 poses a significant challenge for disease control and surveillance in China.

Prevalence of Different Genotypes of HIV-1 in Injection Drug Users in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 240-257
Author(s):  
Yu Jiang ◽  
Lincai Zhang ◽  
Zongjie Hou ◽  
Aixia Tu ◽  
Ruijuan Qiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Injection Drug Users ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Prevalent Strain ◽  
Hiv 1

Background: Since 1981, an increasing trend in HIV has been observed for transmission via injection drug users (IDUs), sexual transmission and mother-to-child transmission. The IDUs are blamed for early increases in HIV-positive cases in China. Objective: HIV genotypes of IDUs were comprehensively analysed to trace the source and relationships of the AIDS epidemic in China. Methods: Relevant databases written in English and Chinese were searched. Overall, 7,149 publications were identified in six databases. After screening 7,104 articles according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 45 studies consisting of 2,765 cases were finally identified. A meta-analysis was conducted using R MATLAB software, RevMan and SPSS. Subgroup analyses focused on time frame, region, and location of different genotypes of IDUs in China. Results: There were five dominant HIV-1 genotypes among the 2,765 IDU cases. The proportions of CRF07_BC, CRF01_AE, CRF08_BC, subtype B/B', and subtype C were 45.18% (95% CI: 33.55-57.08%), 16.00% (95% CI: 9.39-23.82%), 13.43% (95% CI: 7.32-20.84%), 3.58% (95% CI: 1.52-6.24%), and 0.90% (95% CI: 0.04-2.43%), respectively. HIV genotypes transmitted among IDUs in China are primarily CRF07-BC, followed by CRF01-AE and CRF08-BC. Across the different time frames and regions, CRF07_BC was the most prevalent HIV-1 genotype among IDUs, while CRF08_BC was the most prevalent genotype in the southwest region. Conclusion: Our study reveals that CRF07-BC was the dominant prevalent strain among IDUs from 1991 to 2015 in China, while CRF08-BC was the dominant prevalent strain among IDUs in southwestern China. This systematic review and meta-analysis shows evidence of the comprehensive prevalence of different genotypes, data and characteristics of HIV among IDUs in China.

scholarly journals Tracing the origin and dynamics of the HIV-1 epidemic in Serbia

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 507-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Siljic ◽  
Dubravka Salemovic ◽  
Dj. Jevtovic ◽  
Ivana Pesic-Pavlovic ◽  
Sonja Zerjav ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Intravenous Drug User ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Genetic Form ◽  
Subtype Distribution ◽  
Founder Strain

Since the first report of HIV infection in Serbia in 1985, the HIV-1 epidemic was very dynamic, changing the pattern in subtype distribution and prevailing transmission routes. To better understand the origin and epidemiological dynamics of HIV-1, we analyzed 266 (pol) sequences from Serbian patients diagnosed over a period of 14 years. Subtype distribution in Serbia is still marked by a prevailing subtype B genetic form. The transmission pattern, however, has changed from being intravenous drug user (IVDU) - driven to predominantly sexual transmission. The estimated time of initial founder strain introduction of sequences from Serbian IVDUs and MSM (men who have sex with men) is similar and dates back to the early 1980s, while introduction of subtype C occurred much more recently.

scholarly journals Increased HIV Subtype Diversity Reflecting Demographic Changes in the HIV Epidemic in New South Wales, Australia

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 1402
Author(s):  
Francesca Di Giallonardo ◽  
Angie Pinto ◽  
Phillip Keen ◽  
Ansari Shaik ◽  
Alex Carrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New South ◽  
New South Wales ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Heterosexual Transmission ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Over Time

Changes over time in HIV-1 subtype diversity within a population reflect changes in factors influencing the development of local epidemics. Here we report on the genetic diversity of 2364 reverse transcriptase sequences from people living with HIV-1 in New South Wales (NSW) notified between 2004 and 2018. These data represent >70% of all new HIV-1 notifications in the state over this period. Phylogenetic analysis was performed to identify subtype-specific transmission clusters. Subtype B and non-B infections differed across all demographics analysed (p < 0.001). We found a strong positive association for infections among females, individuals not born in Australia or reporting heterosexual transmission being of non-B origin. Further, we found an overall increase in non-B infections among men who have sex with men from 50 to 79% in the last 10 years. However, we also found differences between non-B subtypes; heterosexual transmission was positively associated with subtype C only. In addition, the majority of subtype B infections were associated with clusters, while the majority of non-B infections were singletons. However, we found seven non-B clusters (≥5 sequences) indicative of local ongoing transmission. In conclusion, we present how the HIV-1 epidemic has changed over time in NSW, becoming more heterogeneous with distinct subtype-specific demographic associations.

scholarly journals Heterosexual Transmission as a CRF01_AE HIV-1 Spread Factor in Mimika Papua

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-113
Author(s):  
Mirna Widiyanti ◽  
Reynold Ubra ◽  
Evi Iriani
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Heterosexual Transmission ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Hiv Epidemic ◽  
Spread Factor ◽  
Hiv 1

The HIV epidemic has particular characteristic on each region. The genetic diversity of HIV-1 would affect variability of HIV virus that could potentially most virulent, pathogenic and high transmission rate. Thus it triggers the disease progresivity more rapidly and caused  a new pandemic of HIV infection. The aim of the study is determine the genetic characteristics of HIV-1 on patient with heterosexual transmission based on gene fragment encoding the glycoprotein-41 (gp41) of HIV envelope. Descriptive analytic method and cross sectional design were attended on VCT clinic Mitra Masyarakat Mimika in March-May 2015. Samples of blood plasma from patient with HIV-1 sexual transmission wer amplified using RT-PCR and nested PCR. Genetic characteristics were analyzed with DNA Sequencing using software Bioedit and Mega 5. Identification using sequence analysis  showed two subtypes of HIV patient in Mimika, which were CRF01_AE and B subtypes. There were 40 patients (87%) identified as having genetic characteristics CRF01_AE. Subtypes B was also identified in 6 heterosexual patients. This study suggest that CRF01_AE have heterosexual transmission risk higher than subtype B. Predominance of CRF01_AE contribute to the rapid spread of the HIV epidemic in Mimika

scholarly journals Nationwide Study of Drug Resistance Mutations in HIV-1 Infected Individuals under Antiretroviral Therapy in Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5304
Author(s):  
Ana Santos-Pereira ◽  
Vera Triunfante ◽  
Pedro M. M. Araújo ◽  
Joana Martins ◽  
Helena Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Drug Resistance Mutations ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

The success of antiretroviral treatment (ART) is threatened by the emergence of drug resistance mutations (DRM). Since Brazil presents the largest number of people living with HIV (PLWH) in South America we aimed at understanding the dynamics of DRM in this country. We analyzed a total of 20,226 HIV-1 sequences collected from PLWH undergoing ART between 2008–2017. Results show a mild decline of DRM over the years but an increase of the K65R reverse transcriptase mutation from 2.23% to 12.11%. This increase gradually occurred following alterations in the ART regimens replacing zidovudine (AZT) with tenofovir (TDF). PLWH harboring the K65R had significantly higher viral loads than those without this mutation (p < 0.001). Among the two most prevalent HIV-1 subtypes (B and C) there was a significant (p < 0.001) association of K65R with subtype C (11.26%) when compared with subtype B (9.27%). Nonetheless, evidence for K65R transmission in Brazil was found both for C and B subtypes. Additionally, artificial neural network-based immunoinformatic predictions suggest that K65R could enhance viral recognition by HLA-B27 that has relatively low prevalence in the Brazilian population. Overall, the results suggest that tenofovir-based regimens need to be carefully monitored particularly in settings with subtype C and specific HLA profiles.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and primary resistance among HIV-1-positive patients from Maringá, Paraná, Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karine Vieira Gaspareto ◽  
Flávia Myrian Martins de Almeida Mello ◽  
José Ricardo Colleti Dias ◽  
Vera Alice Fernandes Meneguetti ◽  
Marta Evelyn Giansante Storti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Resistance Mutation ◽  
Drug Resistance Mutation ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Primary Resistance ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Treatment Naïve ◽  
Positive Treatment ◽  
Hiv 1

The objective of this study is to identify subtypes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) and to analyze the presence of mutations associated to antiretroviral resistance in the protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) regions from 48 HIV-1 positive treatment naïve patients from an outpatient clinic in Maringá, Paraná, Brazil. Sequencing was conducted using PR, partial RT and group-specific antigen gene (gag) nested PCR products from retrotranscribed RNA. Transmitted resistance was determined according to the Surveillance Drug Resistance Mutation List (SDRM) algorithm. Phylogenetic and SimPlot analysis of concatenated genetic segments classified sequences as subtype B 19/48 (39.6%), subtype C 12/48 (25%), subtype F 4/48 (8.3%), with 13/48 (27.1%) recombinant forms. Most recombinant forms were B mosaics (B/F 12.5%, B/C 10.4%), with one C/F (2.1%) and one complex B/C/F mosaic (2.1%). Low levels of transmitted resistance were found in this study, 2/48 (2.1% to NRTIs and 2.1% for PI). This preliminary data may subsidize the monitoring of the HIV evolution in the region.

scholarly journals Efficiencies of Four Versions of the AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR Test for Quantification of Different Subtypes of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Triques ◽  
J. Coste ◽  
J. L. Perret ◽  
C. Segarra ◽  
E. Mpoudi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Viral Load ◽  
Pcr Primers ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Subtype A ◽  
Hiv 1

Three versions of a commercial human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) load test (the AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR Test versions 1.0, 1.0+, and 1.5; Roche Diagnostics, Branchburg, N.J.) were evaluated for their ability to detect and quantify HIV-1 RNA of different genetic subtypes. Plasma samples from 96 patients infected with various subtypes of HIV-1 (55 patients infected with subtype A, 9 with subtype B, 21 with subtype C, 2 with subtype D, 7 with subtype E, and 2 with subtype G) and cultured virus from 29 HIV-1 reference strains (3 of subtype A, 6 of subtype B, 5 of subtype C, 3 of subtype D, 8 of subtype E, 3 of subtype F, and 1 of subtype G) were tested. Detection of subtypes A and E was significantly improved with versions 1.0+ and 1.5 compared to that with version 1.0, whereas detection of subtypes B, C, D, and G was equivalent with the three versions. Versions 1.0, 1.0+, and 1.5 detected 65, 98, and 100% of the subtype A-infected samples from patients, respectively, and 71, 100, and 100% of the subtype E-infected samples from patients, respectively. Version 1.5 yielded a significant increase in viral load for samples infected with subtypes A and E (greater than 1 log10 HIV RNA copies/ml). For samples infected with subtype B, C, and D and tested with version 1.5, only a slight increase in viral load was observed (<0.5 log10). We also evaluated a prototype automated version of the test that uses the same PCR primers as version 1.5. The results with the prototype automated test were highly correlated with those of the version 1.5 test for all subtypes, but were lower overall. The AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR Test, version 1.5, yielded accurate measurement of the HIV load for all HIV-1 subtypes tested, which should allow the test to be used to assess disease prognosis and response to antiretroviral treatment in patients infected with a group M HIV-1 subtype.

AIDS 1987

1987 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Desmyter
Keyword(s):  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Heterosexual Transmission ◽  
Hiv Screening ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Screening Assays ◽  
Anti Hiv ◽  
Hiv 1

AIDS virus (HIV) transmission by transfusions and blood products has been essentially halted in industrialized countries which haye introduced systematic anti-HIV screening of donations in 1985. New anti-HIV screening assays, based in part on the replacement of disrupted HIV virions by defined DNA recombinant HIV antigens, have improved specificity; sensitivity has been improved as to dectect seroconversion at an earlier stage. Confirmatory assays and (self-)exclusion of risk groups from blood donation do remain mandatory. HIVAg can be detected in some infections before antibody conversion, and HIVAg is more likely to be found in those anti-HIV positives who proceed to disease. However, there is no justification so far for routine parallel HIVAg and anti-HIV screening. There is continued uncertainty how many HIV carriers have not (yet) developed antibody, but their numbers may have been overestimated. Studies to determine how many HIV transmitters have escaped blood bank detection, and why, need to be undertaken in spite of formidable logistic difficulties.The risk of developing AIDS is now estimated at 25-50 % within 10 years after the infectious contact. It is not clear whether the risk should be estimated differently in different groups or persons. In cities in Central Africa, 5-20 % of men and women are confirmed anti-HIV positives. At least 75 % of this HIV carrier rate is due to heterosexual transmission. Heterosexual transmission has been slower in Western countries, but factors precluding slow evolution to high figures by the same route outside Africa have not been identified. Therefore, countries have no choice in advocating behaviour changes in the general population, and not only in the classical risk groups. Initial hesitations toward extended voluntary and confidential screening are dwindling. Well-conceived confidential screening may be the only way to avoid strong-armed government intervention. The latter is certain to be divisive, and is likely to be counterproductive on balance.An efficacious vaccine remains remote, but an antiviral which prolongs life by at least several months in AIDS patients, but not all of them, is now available. Zidovudine (AZT), however, is toxic and mere prolongation of life without cure will impose an additional burden on AIDS economics.A novel virus (HIV-2) has been identified and is already widespread in West-Africans. It causes AIDS, but the present ratio of AIDS cases in those infected seems lower than with HIV(-l); this feature may be transient. HIV-2 antibodies are either detected or missed by anti-HIV-1 screens; if found, they can be distinguished from anti-HIV-1 only by special confirmatory technique. New screening assays showing equal sensitivity for HIV-1 and HIV-2 in a single test should be devised. At present, HIV-2 is very rare in Western countries compared to HIV-1.

scholarly journals HIV-1 subtype C predicted co-receptor tropism in Africa: an individual sequence level meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nontokozo D. Matume ◽  
Denis M. Tebit ◽  
Pascal O. Bessong
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Subtype C ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals 1280. Geospatial Spread of HIV in the Cologne-Bonn Region, Germany: From 2001 to 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S390-S390
Author(s):  
Melanie Stecher ◽  
Martin Hoenigl ◽  
Anna-Maria Eis-Huebinger ◽  
Clara Lehmann ◽  
Gerd Fätkenheuer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Viral Gene ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Hiv Intervention ◽  
Subtype B ◽  
Geospatial Analyses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Zip Code ◽  
Hiv 1

Abstract Background Geographical targeting of interventions of hotspots of HIV transmission increases the impact of HIV intervention. We combined molecular epidemiology and geospatial analyses to provide insights into the drivers of HIV transmission and the contribution of geographical hot spots to the rapidly evolving local HIV epidemic of Cologne-Bonn. Methods We included 714 HIV-1-infected ART naïve individuals, followed at the University Hospitals Cologne and Bonn between 2001 and 2016. Phylogenetic and network analyses were performed to infer putative relationships. Assortativity index (AI, i.e., shared attributes) and characteristics of genetically linked individuals were analyzed. The geospatial diffusion of the local epidemic (i.e., viral gene flow) was evaluated using a Slatkin-Maddison approach. Geospatial dispersal of local HIV transmission was determined by calculating the average distance between genetically linked individuals (centroids of 3-digit zip code of residency, ArcGIS®). Results Of 714 sequences, 217 (30.4%) had a putative linkage with at least one other sequence, forming 77 clusters (size range: 2–8). Genetically linked individuals were significantly more likely to live in suburban areas (P = 0.035), &lt;30 years of age (P = 0.013), infected with HIV-1 subtype B (P = 0.002). AI for concurrent area of residency showed that individuals were nonassortative in the network (−0.0026, P = 0.046), indicating that clustering individuals tended to cluster with individuals living in a different zip code. Geospatial analyses revealed that the median distance between genetically linked individuals was 23.4 km, significantly lower than expected (median 39.68 km; P &lt; 0.001) (Figure 1A). Slatkin Maddison analyses revealed increased gene flow originating from Central Cologne toward the surrounding areas (P &lt; 0.001, Figure 1B). Conclusion Phylogeographic analysis suggests that central Cologne may be a significant driver of the regional epidemic. While clustering individuals lived closer than unlinked individuals, they were less likely to be linked to others from their same zip code. This may reflect individuals reaching out of their neighborhoods and social circles to meet new partners. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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