scholarly journals Passive surveillance assesses compliance with COVID-19 behavioral restrictions in a rural US county

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Christina L Faust ◽  
Brian Lambert ◽  
Cale Kochenour ◽  
Anthony C. Robinson ◽  
Nita Bharti
Keyword(s):  
Passive Surveillance

TBE in Romania

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Passive Surveillance ◽  
Notifiable Disease ◽  
Territorial Expansion ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Regular Screening ◽  
Passive Surveillance System ◽  
Natural Foci ◽  
Risk Areas

Based on an epidemiological survey,1 human TBEV neuroinfections may have an endemic emergent course, and natural foci are in full territorial expansion. Identified risk areas are Tulcea district, Transylvania, at the base of the Carpathian Mountains and the Transylvanian Alps.2,3 TBE has been a notifiable disease since 1996. Surveillance of TBE is not done at the country level, only regionally in some counties (northern/central/western part, close to Hungary). The passive surveillance system was implemented in 2008. However, there is no regular screening and the relative risk of contracting this disease is unknown. In 1999, an outbreak of TBE in humans was recorded with a total of at least 38 human cases.4

Increased detection of rabies virus in bats in Ceará State (Northeast Brazil) after implementation of a passive surveillance programme

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 186-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naylê Francelino Holanda Duarte ◽  
Carlos Henrique Alencar ◽  
Kellyn Kessiene de Sousa Cavalcante ◽  
Francisco Gustavo Silveira Correia ◽  
Phyllis Catharina Romijn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Northeast Brazil ◽  
Passive Surveillance ◽  
Surveillance Programme

scholarly journals Estimating the local spatio‐temporal distribution of malaria from routine health information systems in areas of low health care access and reporting

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Hyde ◽  
Matthew H. Bonds ◽  
Felana A. Ihantamalala ◽  
Ann C. Miller ◽  
Laura F. Cordier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Malaria Incidence ◽  
Universal Access ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Passive Surveillance ◽  
Transmission Season ◽  
Access To Health ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Geographic Access To Care

Abstract Background Reliable surveillance systems are essential for identifying disease outbreaks and allocating resources to ensure universal access to diagnostics and treatment for endemic diseases. Yet, most countries with high disease burdens rely entirely on facility-based passive surveillance systems, which miss the vast majority of cases in rural settings with low access to health care. This is especially true for malaria, for which the World Health Organization estimates that routine surveillance detects only 14% of global cases. The goal of this study was to develop a novel method to obtain accurate estimates of disease spatio-temporal incidence at very local scales from routine passive surveillance, less biased by populations' financial and geographic access to care. Methods We use a geographically explicit dataset with residences of the 73,022 malaria cases confirmed at health centers in the Ifanadiana District in Madagascar from 2014 to 2017. Malaria incidence was adjusted to account for underreporting due to stock-outs of rapid diagnostic tests and variable access to healthcare. A benchmark multiplier was combined with a health care utilization index obtained from statistical models of non-malaria patients. Variations to the multiplier and several strategies for pooling neighboring communities together were explored to allow for fine-tuning of the final estimates. Separate analyses were carried out for individuals of all ages and for children under five. Cross-validation criteria were developed based on overall incidence, trends in financial and geographical access to health care, and consistency with geographic distribution in a district-representative cohort. The most plausible sets of estimates were then identified based on these criteria. Results Passive surveillance was estimated to have missed about 4 in every 5 malaria cases among all individuals and 2 out of every 3 cases among children under five. Adjusted malaria estimates were less biased by differences in populations’ financial and geographic access to care. Average adjusted monthly malaria incidence was nearly four times higher during the high transmission season than during the low transmission season. By gathering patient-level data and removing systematic biases in the dataset, the spatial resolution of passive malaria surveillance was improved over ten-fold. Geographic distribution in the adjusted dataset revealed high transmission clusters in low elevation areas in the northeast and southeast of the district that were stable across seasons and transmission years. Conclusions Understanding local disease dynamics from routine passive surveillance data can be a key step towards achieving universal access to diagnostics and treatment. Methods presented here could be scaled-up thanks to the increasing availability of e-health disease surveillance platforms for malaria and other diseases across the developing world.

scholarly journals HOSTED—England’s Household Transmission Evaluation Dataset: preliminary findings from a novel passive surveillance system of COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
J A Hall ◽  
R J Harris ◽  
A Zaidi ◽  
S C Woodhall ◽  
G Dabrera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surveillance System ◽  
Household Composition ◽  
Passive Surveillance ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Household Transmission ◽  
The North ◽  
Passive Surveillance System ◽  
Evaluation Dataset ◽  
Households With Children ◽  
Lower Transmission

Abstract Background Household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is an important component of the community spread of the pandemic. Little is known about the factors associated with household transmission, at the level of the case, contact or household, or how these have varied over the course of the pandemic. Methods The Household Transmission Evaluation Dataset (HOSTED) is a passive surveillance system linking laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases to individuals living in the same household in England. We explored the risk of household transmission according to: age of case and contact, sex, region, deprivation, month and household composition between April and September 2020, building a multivariate model. Results In the period studied, on average, 5.5% of household contacts in England were diagnosed as cases. Household transmission was most common between adult cases and contacts of a similar age. There was some evidence of lower transmission rates to under-16s [adjusted odds ratios (aOR) 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.66–0.74). There were clear regional differences, with higher rates of household transmission in the north of England and the Midlands. Less deprived areas had a lower risk of household transmission. After controlling for region, there was no effect of deprivation, but houses of multiple occupancy had lower rates of household transmission [aOR 0.74 (0.66–0.83)]. Conclusions Children are less likely to acquire SARS-CoV-2 via household transmission, and consequently there was no difference in the risk of transmission in households with children. Households in which cases could isolate effectively, such as houses of multiple occupancy, had lower rates of household transmission. Policies to support the effective isolation of cases from their household contacts could lower the level of household transmission.

scholarly journals African Swine Fever Laboratory Diagnosis—Lessons Learned from Recent Animal Trials

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Jutta Pikalo ◽  
Paul Deutschmann ◽  
Melina Fischer ◽  
Hanna Roszyk ◽  
Martin Beer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African Swine Fever Virus ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Hemorrhagic Disease ◽  
Passive Surveillance ◽  
Animal Trials ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
The Impact

African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a hemorrhagic disease in pigs with high socio-economic consequences. To lower the impact of disease incursions, early detection is crucial. In the context of experimental animal trials, we evaluated diagnostic workflows for a high sample throughput in active surveillance, alternative sample matrices for passive surveillance, and lateral flow devices (LFD) for rapid testing. We could demonstrate that EDTA blood is significantly better suited for early ASFV detection than serum. Tissues recommended by the respective diagnostic manuals were in general comparable in their performance, with spleen samples giving best results. Superficial lymph nodes, ear punches, and different blood swabs were also evaluated as potential alternatives. In summary, all matrices yielded positive results at the peak of clinical signs and could be fit for purpose in passive surveillance. However, weaknesses were discovered for some matrices when it comes to the early phase of infection or recovery. The antigen LFD showed variable results with best performance in the clinical phase. The antibody LFD was quite comparable with ELISA systems. Concluding, alternative approaches are feasible but have to be embedded in control strategies selecting test methods and sample materials following a “fit-for-purpose” approach.

Passive surveillance techniques

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 (8) ◽  
pp. 8-11
Author(s):  
Dave Perras
Keyword(s):  
Passive Surveillance

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal Events in High-Dose vs Standard-Dose Influenza Vaccine Recipients

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Keipp Talbot ◽  
Andrew J Dunning ◽  
Corwin A Robertson ◽  
Victoria A Landolfi ◽  
David P Greenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trial ◽  
Standard Dose ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Passive Surveillance ◽  
Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial ◽  
Gastrointestinal Events ◽  
Gastrointestinal Adverse Events

Abstract Passive surveillance data had signaled the possibility of gastrointestinal adverse events occurring after the administration of high-dose inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV-HD). However, in a large, prospective randomized clinical trial, rates of serious gastrointestinal events were no greater among IIV-HD recipients than among those who received a standard-dose influenza vaccine.

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