scholarly journals A waterborne outbreak of small round structured virus, campylobacter and shigella co-infections in La Neuveville, Switzerland, 1998

2000 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. MAURER ◽  
D. STÜRCHLER
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Point Source ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Pump Failure ◽  
Human Faeces ◽  
Waterborne Outbreak ◽  
Epidemic Curve ◽  
Faecal Samples

An outbreak of gastro-enteritis occurred in La Neuveville, township with 3358 inhabitants. A retrospective cohort study of 1915 participants showed that 1607 (84%) had been ill. Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 28 patient faecal samples, Shigella sonnei from 21 patients and small round structured viruses (SRSV) from 6 patients. More than one pathogen was identified in eight persons. The epidemic curve was characteristic of a point-source outbreak. The risk for illness was significantly higher among persons who had drank unboiled drinking water than among those who had not (1290 [80·3%] of 1607 vs. 86 [27·9%] of 308; RR = 2·87; 95% CI 2·40–3·45). Risk increased significantly with the quantity of water consumed (P < 0·00 × 10−6). An SRSV isolate from water and one human faeces had an identical DNA sequence. The outbreak was due to a pump failure producing a spill of sewage into the groundwater. We conclude that transmission was waterborne and that measures including early warning, basic hygiene and sanitation improvements controlled this epidemic.

scholarly journals Drug use disorder following early life exposure to tetrachloroethylene (PCE)-contaminated drinking water: a retrospective cohort study

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Aschengrau ◽  
Alexandra Grippo ◽  
Michael R. Winter ◽  
Margaret G. Shea ◽  
Roberta F. White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Contaminated Drinking Water ◽  
Drug Use Disorder

Abstract Background Many studies of adults with occupational exposure to solvents such as tetrachloroethylene (PCE) have shown adverse effects on cognition, mood and behavioral problems. Much less is known about neurotoxic effects in early life at lower exposure levels seen in community settings. We recently reported that illicit drug use was more frequent among adults from Cape Cod, Massachusetts who were exposed to PCE-contaminated drinking water during gestation and early childhood than their unexposed counterparts. Using newly collected data from this population-based retrospective cohort study, the current analysis examines whether early life PCE exposure is also associated with drug use disorder over the life course. Methods Three-hundred and sixty-three subjects with prenatal and early childhood PCE exposure and 255 unexposed subjects were studied. These individuals (median age: 40–41 years) completed self-administered questionnaires on the eleven established diagnostic criteria for drug use disorder and confounding variables. A validated leaching and transport model was used to estimate exposure to PCE-contaminated water. Results Overall, 23.3% of subjects reported having at least one criterion for drug use disorder over their lifetime. Early life PCE exposure was associated with a modest increase in the lifetime presence of one or more diagnostic criteria for drug use disorder (adjusted RR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.0–1.8). Compared to unexposed subjects, PCE-exposed subjects were more likely to report having most diagnostic criteria of drug use disorder, including neglecting major roles due to drug use, physical and psychological problems related to drug use, and giving up activities due to drug use. No dose-response relationships were observed with increasing levels of PCE exposure. Conclusions These results suggest that exposure to PCE-contaminated drinking water during early life modestly increases the risk of developing diagnostic criteria for drug use disorder later in life. Because this study has several limitations, these findings should be confirmed in follow-up investigations of other exposed populations with more diverse racial and socioeconomic characteristics.

scholarly journals Drug use disorder following early life exposure to tetrachloroethylene (PCE)-contaminated drinking water: a retrospective cohort study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Aschengrau ◽  
Alexandra Grippo ◽  
Michael R. Winter ◽  
Margaret G. Shea ◽  
Roberta F. White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Contaminated Drinking Water ◽  
Drug Use Disorder

Abstract Background: Many studies of adults with occupational exposure to solvents such as tetrachloroethylene (PCE) have shown adverse effects on cognition, mood and behavioral problems. Much less is known about neurotoxic effects in early life at lower exposure levels seen in community settings. We recently reported that illicit drug use was more frequent among adults from Cape Cod, Massachusetts who were exposed to PCE-contaminated drinking water during gestation and early childhood than their unexposed counterparts. Using newly collected data from this population-based retrospective cohort study, the current analysis examines whether early life PCE exposure is also associated with drug use disorder over the life course.Methods: Three-hundred and sixty-three subjects with prenatal and early childhood PCE exposure and 255 unexposed subjects were studied. These individuals (median age: 40-41 years) completed self-administered questionnaires on the eleven established diagnostic criteria for drug use disorder and confounding variables. A validated leaching and transport model was used to estimate exposure to PCE-contaminated water. Results: Overall, 23.3% of subjects reported having at least one criterion for drug use disorder over their lifetime. Early life PCE exposure was associated with a modest increase in the lifetime presence of one or more diagnostic criteria for drug use disorder (adjusted RR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.0-1.8). Compared to unexposed subjects, PCE-exposed subjects were more likely to report having most diagnostic criteria of drug use disorder, including neglecting major roles due to drug use, physical and psychological problems related to drug use, and giving up activities due to drug use. No dose-response relationships were observed with increasing levels of PCE exposure. Conclusions: These results suggest that exposure to PCE-contaminated drinking water during early life modestly increases the risk of developing diagnostic criteria for drug use disorder later in life. Because this study has several limitations, these findings should be confirmed in follow-up investigations of other exposed populations with more diverse racial and socioeconomic characteristics.

Thallium contamination in drinking water in Pietrasanta (Lucca, Italy): preliminary results of a retrospective cohort study

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Nuvolone* ◽  
Pasquale Pepe ◽  
Silvano Bertelloni ◽  
Davide Petri ◽  
Stefano Pieroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Preliminary Results

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 infections among Australian passengers on the Diamond Princess cruise ship: A retrospective cohort study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0255401
Author(s):  
Liz J. Walker ◽  
Tudor A. Codreanu ◽  
Paul K. Armstrong ◽  
Sam Goodwin ◽  
Abigail Trewin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Disease Transmission ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Cruise Ship ◽  
Epidemic Curve ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Isolation Facilities

Background Prolonged periods of confined living on a cruise ship increase the risk for respiratory disease transmission. We describe the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in Australian passengers on the Diamond Princess cruise ship and provide recommendations to mitigate future cruise ship outbreaks. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study of Australian passengers who travelled on the Diamond Princess from 20 January until 4 February 2020 and were either hospitalised, remained in Japan or repatriated. The main outcome measures included an epidemic curve, demographics, symptoms, clinical and radiological signs, risk factors and length of time to clear infection. Results Among 223 Australian passengers, 56 were confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive. Forty-nine cases had data available and of these over 70% had symptoms consistent with COVID-19. Of symptomatic cases, 17% showed signs and symptoms before the ship implemented quarantine and a further two-thirds had symptoms within one incubation period of quarantine commencing. Prior to ship-based quarantine, exposure to a close contact or cabin mate later confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive was associated with a 3.78 fold (95% CI, 2.24–6.37) higher risk of COVID-19 acquisition compared to non-exposed passengers. Exposure to a positive cabin mate during the ship’s quarantine carried a relative risk of 6.18 (95% CI, 1.96–19.46) of developing COVID-19. Persistently asymptomatic cases represented 29% of total cases. The median time to the first of two consecutive negative PCR-based SARS-CoV-2 assays was 13 days for asymptomatic cases and 19 days for symptomatic cases (p = 0.002). Conclusion Ship based quarantine was effective at reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 amongst Australian passengers, but the risk of infection was higher if an individual shared a cabin or was a close contact of a confirmed case. Managing COVID-19 in cruise ship passengers is challenging and requires enhanced health measures and access to onshore quarantine and isolation facilities.

Psittacosis outbreak after participation in a bird fair, Western France, December 2008

2011 ◽  
Vol 139 (10) ◽  
pp. 1637-1641 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. BELCHIOR ◽  
D. BARATAUD ◽  
R. OLLIVIER ◽  
I. CAPEK ◽  
K. LAROUCAU ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Local Hospital ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Sources Of Infection

SUMMARYIn December 2008, three hospitalized cases of suspected psittacosis infection were notified by respiratory disease clinicians from a local hospital to the Regional Epidemiology Unit of Pays de la Loire, France. They all had attended a bird fair. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among exhibitors and organizers to identify potential risk factors in relation to this fair. Environmental and veterinary investigations were implemented to trace potential sources of infection. We identified two confirmed, two probable and 44 possible cases among participants. The attack rate in exhibitors and organizers was 38% (33/86). The median incubation period was 11 days (range 6–22 days). Individuals located in two particular sectors of the showroom were found to be at double the risk of developing psittacosis (relative rate 2·1, 95% confidence interval 1·03–4·18) than those in other sectors. Pooled faecal samples of birds belonging to a possible case exhibitor tested positive for Chlamydiaceae by PCR. Ventilation conditions in the showroom were inadequate. This investigation allowed the formulation of recommendations to prevent psittacosis in bird exhibitions which are held weekly in France.

scholarly journals Drug use disorder following early life exposure to tetrachloroethylene (PCE)-contaminated drinking water: a retrospective cohort study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Aschengrau ◽  
Alexandra Grippo ◽  
Michael R. Winter ◽  
Margaret G. Shea ◽  
Roberta F. White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Contaminated Drinking Water ◽  
Drug Use Disorder

Abstract Background: Many studies of adults with occupational exposure to solvents such as tetrachloroethylene (PCE) have shown adverse effects on cognition, mood and behavioral problems. Much less is known about neurotoxic effects in early life at lower exposure levels seen in community settings. We recently reported that illicit drug use was more frequent among adults from Cape Cod, Massachusetts who were exposed to PCE-contaminated drinking water during gestation and early childhood than their unexposed counterparts. Using newly collected data from this population-based retrospective cohort study, the current analysis examines whether early life PCE exposure is also associated with drug use disorder over the life course.Methods: Three-hundred and sixty-three subjects with prenatal and early childhood PCE exposure and 255 unexposed subjects were studied. These individuals (median age: 40-41 years) completed self-administered questionnaires on the eleven established diagnostic criteria for drug use disorder and confounding variables. A validated leaching and transport model was used to estimate exposure to PCE-contaminated water. Results: Overall, 23.3% of subjects reported having at least one criterion for drug use disorder over their lifetime. Early life PCE exposure was associated with a modest increase in the lifetime presence of one or more diagnostic criteria for drug use disorder (adjusted RR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.0-1.8). Compared to unexposed subjects, PCE-exposed subjects were more likely to report having most diagnostic criteria of drug use disorder, including neglecting major roles due to drug use, physical and psychological problems related to drug use, and giving up activities due to drug use. No dose-response relationships were observed with increasing levels of PCE exposure. Conclusions: These results suggest that exposure to PCE-contaminated drinking water during early life modestly increases the risk of developing diagnostic criteria for drug use disorder later in life. Because this study has several limitations, these findings should be confirmed in follow-up investigations of other exposed populations with more diverse racial and socioeconomic characteristics.

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