Variability in the use of perfect have in Trinidadian English: A problem of categorial and semantic mismatch

1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Winford
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Standard English ◽  
Semantic Equivalence ◽  
Morphosyntactic Variation ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Analysis Of Variation ◽  
Predicate Type ◽  
Social Backgrounds

ABSTRACTSociolinguistic situations that involve interplay between standard and nonstandard varieties have posed certain difficulties for the analysis of variation at the morphosyntactic level (Harris, 1984; Milroy, 1987). In particular, there is the problem of defining the scope and relevant contexts of morphosyntactic variables—a problem closely linked to that of identifying the semantic equivalence in terms of which the variable is defined (Cheshire, 1982; Romaine, 1984). This article addresses such issues by examining variation in the use of perfect have and its alternatives in the Trinidadian creole continuum. The alternatives to have include other Standard English (SE) forms (e.g., the past), as well as forms like perfective Ø, completive done, and others which function in the Trinidadian Creole (TC) system. The analysis is based on data from a sample of speakers from different social backgrounds. The variation described here is part of a wider pattern involving different strategies for expressing the various meanings associated with the perfect in SE, namely, the “continuative,” “experiential,” and “resulative” interpretations of have. TC employs different strategies for expressing these meanings. Perfective Ø is used (along with apporopriate adverbial specifications) to convey the experiential meaning; progressive -in, Ø copula, or Ø-marked statives convey the continuative sense; and completive done competes with prefective Ø to convey the resultative sense. All of these may vary with have. I discuss at length the procedures that are used to define the variable and the equivalents of have that are identified. A quantitative analysis reveals clear patterns of variation according to class, subcategory of perfect, and predicate type. The differences in the use of have are explained in terms of varying degrees of influences from vernacular norms among the social groups, as well as the availability of alternative choices to have within the pragmatic and grammatical environments. Finally, I indicate the implications of this investigation for the study of morphosyntactic variation in other divergent dialect situations. Specifically, the findings are relevant to situations, such as AAVE, which involve variation between standard and nonstandard strategies for expressing the meanings associated with the perfect and other morophosyntactic categories.

scholarly journals Komunikacja międzypokoleniowa w  polskiej kulturze. Wyniki badań empirycznych

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 29-43
Author(s):  
Patrycja Kochanek
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Cultural Discourse ◽  
Intergenerational Communication ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Generation Problem

Intergenerational communication in Polish cultureThe object of this paper is to verify the structure of communication in cultural discourse in Poland. It is analyzed if this discourse sees differences between the next generations and if it personalizes communication for them. Pilot research CAWI was done in May 2017. Twenty one responders answered 7 opened and 5 closed questions in an online survey. All of the responders were working in cultural institutions. The categorization of the answers gave an image of the social groups that have some specific and unique characteristics and values. The quantitative analysis of the answers verified the hypotheses: cultural discourse creates communication according to the audience — which is generation specific. Cultural institutions see this generation problem in Poland and they attribute this change to the activities that have been created for people. This research is only an opening to further investigations on this topic.

Introduction: Persisting Pasts in the Margins of Europe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inge Melchior
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Short History ◽  
National Community ◽  
Ethnographic Fieldwork ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

The introduction introduces the question of how people that live in a society with an extremely complicated, violent past and only a short history of independence engage with the past, both within their families and as members of a national community. According to the literature, they will long for stability, a strong collective story and closure. The chapter then describes the ‘War of Monuments’; the context of insecurity in which the ethnographic fieldwork took place. Subsequently, it positions the book within the literature on the anthropology of post-communist remembering. Finally the Introduction describes which methods have been used to gather the data and it introduces the social groups the book focuses on.

scholarly journals Understanding the revival and survival of grass-roots associations in China: the perspective of four categories of legitimacy

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (27) ◽  
pp. 49-68
Author(s):  
Gao Bingzhong
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Political Legitimacy ◽  
Social Legitimacy ◽  
Grass Roots ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Legal Legitimacy ◽  
Social Associations ◽  
Administrative Legitimacy

Chinese grass-roots social groups have had a complicated relation with the social order during the past thirty years. This paper aims at using a series of practical concepts about legitimacy, from Weber and Habermas, to analyze the revival and present functioning of these groups, especially associations based on folk religion. As I see it, the fact that social groups are able to exist "normally" and to operate, even though they are not in conformity with the law, should be understood with the help of three categories: political legitimacy, administrative legitimacy and social legitimacy. At the end of the paper, I discuss the promulgation of the "Regulations for the Administration of Social Associations" which sets legal legitimacy as a core process integrating the three other kinds of legitimacy, and I examine the effort of government to require all social groups to possess full legitimacy.

Propositions II: Approaches to Reciprocity

2019 ◽  
pp. 77-94
Author(s):  
Marcel Hénaff
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
The Self ◽  
Social Bond ◽  
Stone Age ◽  
The Core ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Gift ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Seminal Article

This chapter looks at different approaches to the subject of reciprocity. Whereas many philosophers tend to understand reciprocity as a form of equivalence and a return to the self, many theorists in the social sciences—economists included—view it as a synonym of generosity or a figure of altruism. This divergence should lead one to recommend a dialogue between the two fields to avoid such misunderstandings. But above all, this invites one to recognize that the concept of reciprocity is not well defined and that there is a need to clarify its status, which is at the core of philosophical reflections on the relationships with Others, norms of morality, the social bond, and ultimately the gift itself. The chapter then considers what sociology and anthropology can say about the question, since it comes under the purview of those disciplines to investigate the nature of the relationships observed among members of social groups and attempt to define them. In particular, it assesses two authors whose analyses on this point have marked the debates of the past few decades: sociologist Alvin Gouldner, author of a seminal article on the norm of reciprocity; and anthropologist Marshall Sahlins, whose book of record Stone Age Economics dedicates an entire chapter to defining the nature of practices of reciprocity.

scholarly journals United by Rage, Self-Loathing, and Male Supremacy: The Rise of the Incel Community

INvoke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farshad Labbaf
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Online Community ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
Echo Chamber ◽  
Male Supremacy

Since the 1990’s the internet has fundamentally transformed social relations by giving rise to cyber-communities, which have brought new kinds of polymorphous, highly personalized, and lifestyle-oriented social groups. They have also given rise to new political movements, including extremist internet groups, that can be severely detrimental to the sustainable wellbeing of society (Delanty 2018, 200). Over the past decade, a fringe internet group known as the involuntary celibates (Incels) have developed mainstream infamy for their extreme misogynistic rhetoric and reactionary anti-feminist language, which has manifested into several terrorist attacks (Olheiser, 2018). It can be argued that Incels have developed an online community centred on the desire for society to revert to absolute patriarchy that dehumanizes women as mere sexual commodities and vehemently oppose the idea of women’s empowerment and sexual liberation (Tolentino 2018). In this paper, we will be analyzing the social dynamics and methods of communication within this fringe echo-chamber, we can better determine if the values of hate, self-loathing and misogyny can facilitate deliberation and in turn constitute the Incels as a legitimate community.

scholarly journals The Meaning of Occupation

Intersections ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gergely Romsics
Keyword(s):  
Social Groups ◽  
Political Agency ◽  
Politics Of Recognition ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The Past ◽  
Holocaust Memorial ◽  
The Social ◽  
Boundary Making ◽  
Semantic Spaces ◽  
The Right

The paper analyzes the mnemonic and political context of the occupation of the Roma Holocaust memorial in Berlin in May 2016, carried out by groups demanding the right to remain in the country for non-citizen Roma. Observing the actor strategies apparent in this event, as well as the governmental logics organizing memorialization, it argues that the pervasive contemporary phenomenon of ‘politics of recognition’ needs to be interpreted as a providing merely a frame for struggles for political agency. Normative symbolic clashes taking place in this frame require a more fine-grained analysis to establish whether certain mnemonic practices inhibit or empower the social groups they reference. The concepts the paper advances as better explaining the outcome of memory struggles are referentiality and productivity. These signify attempts to (re)organize the semantic spaces of memory, and, if successful, allow for political agency to operate in the reconstituted mnemonic landscape. Governmentalities, however, will frequently attempt to deny such reconstitutions of ‘settled’ memory, in which case any politics of recognition remains a hollow shell without the potential to re-orient societal and political practices in the present. In the case of the occupation, the memory conflict highlighted how the past may be use to challenge accepted boundaries and the practice of boundary-making in society, while also highlighting the importance of social and political coalitions to advance change.

Bence-albee after 25 years: A new superior α-factor correction procedure for the quantitative analysis of oxides and silicates

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1744-1745
Author(s):  
John T. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Electron Microprobe ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Correction Procedure ◽  
Geological Samples ◽  
The Past ◽  
Large Matrix ◽  
Computational Speed ◽  
Microprobe Data ◽  
Geological Sciences

One of the most cited papers in the geological sciences has been that of Albee and Bence on the use of empirical " α -factors" to correct quantitative electron microprobe data. During the past 25 years this method has remained the most commonly used correction for geological samples, despite the facts that few investigators have actually determined empirical α-factors, but instead employ tables of calculated α-factors using one of the conventional "ZAF" correction programs; a number of investigators have shown that the assumption that an α-factor is constant in binary systems where there are large matrix corrections is incorrect (e.g, 2-3); and the procedure’s desirability in terms of program size and computational speed is much less important today because of developments in computing capabilities. The question thus exists whether it is time to honorably retire the Bence-Albee procedure and turn to more modern, robust correction methods. This paper proposes that, although it is perhaps time to retire the original Bence-Albee procedure, it should be replaced by a similar method based on compositiondependent polynomial α-factor expressions.

Quantitative surface damage studies by H.R.E.M.

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 632-633
Author(s):  
S. R. Singh ◽  
H. J. Fan ◽  
L. D. Marks
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Surface Science ◽  
Surface Damage ◽  
Space Environment ◽  
Oxygen Desorption ◽  
The Past ◽  
Diffusion Controlled ◽  
Original Observation ◽  
Substantial Interest

Since the original observation that the surfaces of materials undergo radiation damage in the electron microscope similar to that observed by more conventional surface science techniques there has been substantial interest in understanding these phenomena in more detail; for a review see. For instance, surface damage in a microscope mimics damage in the space environment due to the solar wind and electron beam lithographic operations.However, purely qualitative experiments that have been done in the past are inadequate. In addition, many experiments performed in conventional microscopes may be inaccurate. What is needed is careful quantitative analysis including comparisons of the behavior in UHV versus that in a conventional microscope. In this paper we will present results of quantitative analysis which clearly demonstrate that the phenomena of importance are diffusion controlled; more detailed presentations of the data have been published elsewhere.As an illustration of the results, Figure 1 shows a plot of the shrinkage of a single, roughly spherical particle of WO3 versus time (dose) driven by oxygen desorption from the surface.

Dowagers, Debs, Nuns and Babies: The Politics of Nostalgia and the Older Woman in the British Sunday Night Television Serial

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estella Tincknell
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
Older Woman ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
The Past ◽  
Political Position ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Popular Television

The extensive commercial success of two well-made popular television drama serials screened in the UK at prime time on Sunday evenings during the winter of 2011–12, Downton Abbey (ITV, 2010–) and Call the Midwife (BBC, 2012–), has appeared to consolidate the recent resurgence of the period drama during the 1990s and 2000s, as well as reassembling something like a mass audience for woman-centred realist narratives at a time when the fracturing and disassembling of such audiences seemed axiomatic. While ostensibly different in content, style and focus, the two programmes share a number of distinctive features, including a range of mature female characters who are sufficiently well drawn and socially diverse as to offer a profoundly pleasurable experience for the female viewer seeking representations of aging femininity that go beyond the sexualised body of the ‘successful ager’. Equally importantly, these two programmes present compelling examples of the ‘conjunctural text’, which appears at a moment of intense political polarisation, marking struggles over consent to a contemporary political position by re-presenting the past. Because both programmes foreground older women as crucial figures in their respective communities, but offer very different versions of the social role and ideological positioning that this entails, the underlying politics of such nostalgia becomes apparent. A critical analysis of these two versions of Britain's past thus highlights the ideological investments involved in period drama and the extent to which this ‘cosy’ genre may legitimate or challenge contemporary political claims.

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