Vision

Even though the culture of decadence at the fin de siècle was widespread, most artists of the period did not think of themselves as “decadent.” Instead, writers transposed the term from literature to art. This article considers whether there was a decadent subset to symbolism, a movement that burgeoned when scientific developments, industrialization, and secularism spurred artistic explorations antithetical to reality and the physical world. Close readings of specific symbolist works identify potentially decadent tendencies, such as overwrought, debased, or gruesome imagery animated by exaggerated form, distorted line, and extreme ornamentation. Centering on depictions of erotically charged, bestial, and often “exoticized” women, from castrating femmes fatales to hybrid mythical creatures, the chapter contextualizes such representations within contemporary scientific, pseudo-scientific, and social theories, especially evolutionary ideas, that were manipulated to validate white European male supremacy. Ultimately, symbolist painters who were inclined to decadence deployed hyperbolic style in frequently misogynistic or racially biased interpretations of nonmimetic subjects that threatened dominant culture and the status quo.

A mulher bruxa no mundo do era uma vez e a reprodução histórica da dominação sobre o gênero feminino

O artigo em tela é parte da tese de doutoramento em andamento no Programa de Pós-graduação em Literatura e Cultura, da Universidade Federal da Bahia e traz uma abordagem acerca da personificação da mulher bruxa como a representação da metáfora do mal nos contos de fadas tradicionais. Faz-se, para tanto, uma explanação inicial acerca da vinculação da figura da mulher ao mal, especialmente na Idade Média e início da Idade Moderna, no período conhecido como o de “caça às bruxas”, em que as mulheres serviram de bode expiatório às perseguições e mortes. Na construção da imagem da mulher bruxa há, então, a reprodução histórica da dominação sobre o gênero feminino. Personagem que sempre foi repugnada e segregada; imagem negativa que muitas vezes se perpetua sem que sejam desvelados os discursos de poder que provêm da supremacia masculina. A revisão teórica focaliza as teorias relacionadas aos estudos de gênero e de literatura infantil, perpassando pelos aspectos históricos, tais como Bruno Betelheim (1981), Judith Butler (2010), Robert Darnton (1986), Silvia Federici (2017), Michel Foucault (1996), (1999),( 2003), Guacira Louro (1997), Linda Nicholson (2000) e Scott Joan (1995), que dão subsídio à análise da reificação e perpetuação da imagem da mulher bruxa como metáfora do mal. La bruja en el mundo érase una vez y la reproducción histórica de la dominación feminina El artículo en cuestión forma parte de la tesis doctoral en curso en el Programa de Posgrado en Literatura y Cultura, de la Universidad Federal de Bahía y aporta un acercamiento sobre la personificación de la bruja como la representación de la metáfora del mal en el cuentos de hadas tradicionales. Por tanto, se hace una primera explicación sobre la conexión de la figura de la mujer con el mal, especialmente en la Edad Media y el inicio de la Edad Moderna, en el período conocido como la “caza de brujas”, cuando las mujeres servían de chivo expiatorio. muerte. En la construcción de la imagen de la bruja se encuentra, entonces, la reproducción histórica de la dominación sobre el género femenino. Carácter que siempre ha estado disgustado y segregado; Imagen negativa que muchas veces se perpetúa sin desvelar los discursos de poder que provienen de la supremacía masculina. La revisión teórica se centra en las teorías relacionadas con los estudios de género y la literatura infantil, pasando por los aspectos históricos que sustentan el análisis de la cosificación y perpetuación de la imagen de la bruja como metáfora del mal. Palabras clave: Bruja. Género. Literatura infantil. Mujeres. The witch woman in the once upon a time world and the historical reproduction of female domination The article in question is part of the doctoral thesis in progress in the Graduate Program in Literature and Culture, at the Federal University of Bahia and brings an approach about the personification of the witch woman as the representation of the metaphor of evil in the tales of traditional fairies. Therefore, an initial explanation is made about the connection of the figure of women to evil, especially in the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Modern Age, in the period known as the “witch hunt”, when women served as scapegoats. persecution and death. In the construction of the image of the witch woman, there is, then, the historical reproduction of domination over the female gender. Character who has always been disgusted and segregated; negative image that is often perpetuated without unveiling the discourses of power that come from male supremacy. The theoretical review focuses on theories related to gender studies and children’s literature, going through the historical aspects that support the analysis of reification and perpetuation of the image of the witch woman as a metaphor for evil. Keywords: Children’s literature. Genre. Witch. Women.

A reprodução da ideologia da supremacia masculina na divisão sexual do trabalho, na literatura para crianças

Com o intuito de colaborar para o debate sobre a temática da exploração, combinada com a opressão de gênero sobre as mulheres, no âmbito do materialismo histórico e dialético, propusemo-nos a analisar o conteúdo de três livros dos acervos do PNAIC: João e o pé de feijão; Nossa rua tem um problema e As mil e uma histórias de Manoela. Nosso objetivo foi identificar como são retratadas as profissões, as múltiplas jornadas, o trabalho doméstico e a participação das mulheres no sustento familiar, com vistas a contribuir com o debate para responder à problematização: quais textos apresentariam uma abordagem que contribui para a reprodução da ideologia da supremacia masculina, na vida pública e privada? Os recortes privilegiaram uma análise da potencialidade dessas obras para auxiliar na formação das crianças para a igualdade de direitos entre os gêneros. Portanto, delimitamo-nos das abordagens referentes às teorias literárias, na medida em que nos interessa apresentar elaborações, de aspectos sociológicos, do conteúdo das de tais obras. O debate sobre igualdade de direitos, no âmbito das especificidades das mulheres, ainda não faz parte nem das bases comuns curriculares, nem dos documentos oficiais, que têm orientado os currículos. Evidenciamos que as obras de literatura para crianças, que tocam na questão do trabalho feminino, frequentemente reproduzem padrões de comportamento supremacistas masculinos e fixam a mulher no papel social de cuidadora e protetora, reclusa ao ambiente doméstico, em contradição com os requisitos do capital, que desde o início da industrialização, tem derrubado todas as barreiras de idade, sexo, condições de saúde para intensificar a exploração do trabalho. La reproducción de la ideología de la supremacía masculina en la división sexual del trabajo, en la literatura para niños. Con la finalidad de colaborar en el debate relacionado al tema de la explotación femenina mezclada con la opresión de género, en el ámbito del materialismo histórico y dialéctico, nos proponemos a analizar tres libros de los acervos del PNAIC: João e o pé de feijão; Nossa rua tem um problema e As mil e uma histórias de Manoela. El objetivo fue identificar como son descritas las profesiones, las múltiples jornadas, el trabajo doméstico y la participación de las mujeres en el sustento familiar, con la finalidad de contribuir con respuestas a la problemática: ¿Cuáles son los textos que abordan y contribuyen a la reproducción de la ideología de la supremacía masculina en la vida pública y privada? Los recortes privilegiaron un análisis sobre la potencialidad de las obras literarias que auxilien en la formación infantil con igualdad de derecho entre géneros. Por lo tanto, los enfoques fueron limitados con referencia a las teorías literarias en la medida que nos interesa presentar los aspectos sociológicos elaborados a través del contenido de las obras. El debate sobre la igualdad de los derechos en el ámbito de las especificidades de las mujeres ni siquiera forman parte de las bases comunes curriculares, ni de los documentos oficiales que han orientado los currículos. Evidenciamos que las obras literarias infantiles que abordan los temas relacionados al trabajo femenino son poco comunes, es frecuente la reproducción sobre los patrones de comportamiento sobre la supremacía masculina e proyectan a la mujer en el papel social de cuidadora y protectora reclusa al ambiente doméstico, contradiciendo los requisitos del capital, que desde el inicio de la industrialización han derrumbado todas las barreras, como la edad, sexo, condiciones de salud, para intensificar la explotación del trabajo. Palabras clave: Derecho de las mujeres. Literatura infantil. Trabajo femenino. The reproduction of the ideology of male supremacy in the sexual division of work, in the literature for children. To contribute with them discussion about the theme of exploitation combined with gender oppression of women, under an historic and dialectic materialist point of view, we propose to analyze the content of three books from PNAIC’s (National Pact for Literacy at the Right Age): Jack and the beanstalk; Our street has a problem and The thousand and one stories of Manuela. Our aim was to identify how the professions, the multiple journeys, the housework, and the participation of women in the family are portrayed, to contribute to answer to the problematic: which texts would present an approach that contributes to the reproduction of the ideology of male supremacy in public and private life? The selection of these stories had privileged an analysis of the potential of literary works to assist in the training of children for equal rights between genders. Therefore, we limited ourselves to approaches referring to literary theories, insofar as we are interested in presenting elaborations of sociological aspects of the content of the works. The discussion about equal rights in the context of the specificities of women is still not part of the common curriculum bases nor of the official documents that have guided the curricula. We show that the literature works for children that touch on the issue of female labor are not so common, moreover, they frequently reproduce male supremacist behavior patterns and fix women in the social role of caregiver and protector, reclusive to the domestic environment, in contradiction with the requirements of capitalism, that since the beginning of industrialization, it has broken down all barriers of age, sex, and health conditions to intensify the of work. Keywords: Woman’s rights. Children’s literature. Women’s work

Subversive Online Activity Predicts Susceptibility to Persuasion by Far-Right Extremist Propaganda

Despite the widespread assumption that online misbehavior can affect outcomes related to political extremism, no extant research has provided empirical evidence to this effect. To redress this gap in the literature, we performed two studies in which we explore the relationship between subversive online activities and proclivity for persuasion by far-right extremist propaganda. Study 1 (N = 404) demonstrates that when individuals are exposed to far-right ‘scientific racism’ propaganda, subversive online activity is significantly associated with feelings of gratification, attribution of credibility to and intention to support the propaganda’s source, as well as decreased resistance to the propaganda itself. To verify these findings across thematic domains, Study 2 (N = 396) focused on far-right propaganda consistent with ‘male supremacy.’ Results in Study 2 replicated those from Study 1. These findings have implications for understanding subversive online activity, vis-à-vis its association with one’s susceptibility to persuasion by far-right extremist propaganda.

Threats to Women/Women as Threats: Male Supremacy and the Anti-Statist Right

Throughout the Trump administration, media coverage of extremist factions of the American right grew considerably, as did the actual membership and numbers of those factions. Included among these factions, and operating on a spectrum that ranges from the center-to-fringe right, are white supremacist, Christian nationalist, and militia/patriot/sovereign citizen (broadly termed constitutionalist) movements. While the American right is heterogeneous, most of these groups are composed of white men, and male supremacism is often a common ideological denominator. Based on historical trends, recent activity, and ongoing movement mobilizations, we should anticipate increased recruitment and activism on the part of anti-statist right-wing groups during the Biden administration. While much has been written about the threat of terroristic violence these groups pose and their varying levels of engagement with white supremacist beliefs, examinations of gender have largely focused on masculinity. This note takes up the relationship between anti-statist right-wing movements and women by sketching three key areas that warrant further examination: (1) how collective interpretations of the law leave women vulnerable by refusing the legitimacy of federal legislation; (2) the threat of militia violence against women, particularly those who hold elected office; (3) how racial and gender exclusions preclude women from having their claims to membership in anti-statist right-wing movements be fully recognized. As we take stock of the growing threat posed by these movements, it is incumbent on us to critically examine the threats to women’s rights posed by the anti-statist right.

The Black Pill: New Technology and the Male Supremacy of Involuntarily Celibate Men

Involuntary celibates, or “incels,” are people who identify themselves by their inability to establish sexual partnerships. In this article, we use analytic abduction to qualitatively analyze 9,062 comments on a popular incel forum for heterosexual men that is characterized by extensive misogyny. Incels argue that emerging technologies reveal and compound the gender practices that produce involuntarily celibate men. First, incels argue that women’s use of dating apps accelerates hypergamy. Second, incels suggest that highly desirable men use dating apps to partner with multiple women. Third, incels assert that subordinate men inflate women’s egos and their “sexual marketplace value” through social media platforms. We argue that incels’ focus on technology reinforces essentialist views on gender, buttresses male domination, dehumanizes women, and minimizes incels’ own misogyny. We discuss findings in relation to theories of masculinity and social scientific research on the impacts of emerging technology.

Representation of Women in Popular Indian Movies : An Analysis of English Vinglish and Heroine

Male supremacy and patriarchy has become two clichéd words, but it is a fact that these two words define almost all societies in the world. Indian society is no different from this, in fact this is where these two words fit in smoothly. This is reflected in our literature, art and movies too. My enquiry here is about how do the preconceived notions about feminity find their way into popular movies. The article analyzes two popular Hindi movies: English Vinglish and Heroine. These two movies portray two women who are very different from each other ; a house wife and an actress. But many a times these two women are one and the same in terms of the attitude of the society towards them. Therefore the paper intends to reveal the double standards and hypocrisy of Indian society.

Does Forum Theater Help Reduce Gender Inequalities and Violence? Findings From Nepal

Gender inequality and violence against women are present in every society and culture around the world. The intensities vary, however, based on the local guiding norms and established belief systems. The society of Nepal is centered on traditional belief systems of gender roles and responsibilities, providing greater male supremacy and subordination for the females. This has led to the development and extensive practices of social gender hierarchal systems, producing several inequalities and violence toward women. This study has utilized Forum Theater interventions as a method of raising awareness in 10 villages in eastern Nepal. The study aimed to understand the perception and changes in the community and individuals from the interactive Forum Theater performances on pertinent local gender issues. We conducted 6 focus group discussions and 30 individual interviews with male and female participants exposed to the interventions. The data analysis utilized the constructivist grounded theory methodology. The study finds that exposure and interactive participation in the Forum Theater provide the audience with knowledge, develop empathy toward the victim, and motivate them to change the situation of inequality, abuse, and violence using dialogues and negotiations. The study describes how participation in Forum Theater has increased individual’s ability for negotiating changes. The engagement by the audience in community discussions and replication of efforts in one of the intervention sites show the level of preparedness and ownership among the targeted communities. The study shows the methodological aspects of the planning and performance of the Forum Theater and recommends further exploration of the use of Forum Theater in raising awareness.

The Writing of Women’s Awakening Consciousness from the Perspective of Gender Criticism—Take the TV Series “The Little Nyonya” as an Example

Women’s liberation has always been the focus of gender criticism. Television “The Little Nyonya” from the feminist perspective, with hybrid living space in the form of Baba culture as the background, shaped the survival during the Anti-Japanese War in under cover of male supremacy, especially in the feudal etiquette, social circles to days of Tianlan, Juxiang, and Yueniang has represented the typical female characters, depicting the intelligence and qualities of Nyonya, shows them from swallowing the defense, active resistance to victory break free of this growth process into confusion, explore, growth, struggle and sacrifice. As a hymn reflecting women’s strength, courage, independence and confidence, “The Little Nyonya” has certain enlightening significance for the audience, especially the female audience, to think about their own life choices and pursuits.