Regional relationships among the low vowels of U.S. English: Evidence from production and perception

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler Kendall ◽  
Valerie Fridland
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Front Vowel ◽  
Identification Task ◽  
Vowel Identification ◽  
Regional Dialects ◽  
Back Vowel

AbstractThe unconditioned merger of the low back vowels and the variety of realizations found for the low front vowel have been noted as leading to greater distinctiveness across U.S. English regional dialects. The extent to which the movements of these vowels are related has repeatedly been of interest to dialectology as well as phonological theory. Here, examining production and perception data from speaker-listeners across three major regions of the United States, the relationships among these low vowels within and across regions are investigated. Participants provided speech samples and took part in a vowel identification task, judging vowels along a continuum from /æ/ to /ɑ/. Results of acoustic analysis and statistical analysis of the perception results indicate that a structural relationship between /æ/ and /ɑ/ is maintained across regions and that listeners’ own degree of low back vowel merger predicts their perception of the boundary between /æ/ and /ɑ/.

scholarly journals Assessing merged status with Pillai scores based on dynamic formant contours

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Jonathan Jibson
Keyword(s):  
Basic Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Spectral Information ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Identification Task ◽  
Vowel Identification ◽  
Back Vowel ◽  
The One ◽  
Better Than

When Pillai scores are used to study vowel mergers, formants are typically sampled from the midpoint. This study compares alternative methods for calculating Pillai scores: methods that incorporate dynamic spectral information. Eighteen speakers produced 20 tokens of Hodd and hawed. Formants were sampled at 20–35–50–65–80% duration. Seven Pillai scores were calculated, each based on a different subset of those samples with temporal pooling: (i) onsets, (ii) heads, (iii) midpoints, (iv) onsets + offsets, (v) heads + tails, (vi) onsets + midpoints + offsets, and (vii) all five. Subjects also completed a vowel identification task, and the rate of identifying one low-back vowel as the other was calculated. The results of the identification task were regressed on each Pillai score separately to identify the one with the highest correlation, through model selection. Dynamic formant contours performed better than static formant values, with midpoint sampling performing worst of all. Directions are discussed for basic research on Pillai scores in phonetics.

Perception of Portuguese Mid Vowels by Heritage Speakers of Brazilian Portuguese

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Denise Maria Osborne
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Brazilian Portuguese ◽  
Front Vowel ◽  
Heritage Speakers ◽  
Language Dominance ◽  
Back Vowel ◽  
Vowel Contrast

Abstract The main goal of this study is to investigate the perception of Portuguese mid-vowel contrasts (/ɛ/-/e/ and /ɔ/-/o/) by heritage speakers (HS s) of Brazilian Portuguese (BP) who grew up in the United States. This study shows, for instance, an asymmetry in categorization as a function of degree of language dominance for mid-back vowel contrast, but not for mid-front vowel contrast.

Who Wins and Who Loses in the Provincial Courts of Appeal? A Statistical Analysis, 1920–1990

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 21-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter McCormick
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Data Base ◽  
The United States ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Party Capability ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Appeal Courts ◽  
Different Levels

AbstractGiven the visibility and obvious importance of judicial power in the age of the Charter, it is important to develop the conceptual vocabulary for desribing and assessing this power. One such concept that has been applied to the study of appeal courts in the United States and Great Britain is “party capability”, a theory which suggests that different types of litigant will enjoy different levels of success as both appellant and respondent. Using a data base derived from the reported decisions of the provincial courts of appeal for the second and seventh year of each decade since the 1920s, this article applies party capability theory to the performance of the highest courts of the ten provinces; comparisons are attempted across regions and across time periods, as well as with the findings of similar studies of American and British courts.

scholarly journals COVID-19 In United States: Statistical Analysis and Inferences From the Empirical Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nivedita Rethnakar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Statistical Inference ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Statistics ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper investigates the mortality statistics of the COVID-19 pandemic from the United States perspective. Using empirical data analysis and statistical inference tools, we bring out several exciting and important aspects of the pandemic, otherwise hidden. Specific patterns seen in demo- graphics such as race/ethnicity and age are discussed both qualitatively and quantitatively. We also study the role played by factors such as population density. Connections between COVID-19 and other respiratory diseases are also covered in detail. The temporal dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak and the impact of vaccines in controlling the pandemic are also looked at with suf- ficient rigor. It is hoped that statistical inference such as the ones gathered in this paper would be helpful for better scientific understanding, policy prepa- ration and thus adequately preparing, should a similar situation arise in the future.

An Analysis of Unmanned Aircraft Registration Effectiveness

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-66
Author(s):  
Ronald Pentz ◽  
He (Herman) Tang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft ◽  
Unmanned Aircraft Systems ◽  
Courts Of Appeals ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Difficult Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rapid Pace

This article describes how small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) are growing at a rapid pace. They are inexpensive and widely available for both hobbyist and commercial use. However, with this rapid growth, regulations are having a difficult time keeping pace to safely incorporate them into the United States National Airspace. Recent regulations requiring the registration of all sUAS have been overturned by the United States Courts of Appeals. This research provides a statistical analysis of the effectiveness of the registration regulation in the reduction of unauthorized and careless sUAS operation prior to being overturned by the courts. Statistical analysis including descriptive statistics and chi square hypothesis tests were used to analyze more than 3,000 reported unauthorized and careless events. The findings show a significant difference in events pre-registration and post registration.

scholarly journals Regional socioeconomic disparities in outcomes for workers with low back pain in the United States

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 472-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mujahed Shraim ◽  
Manuel Cifuentes ◽  
Joanna L. Willetts ◽  
Helen R. Marucci-Wellman ◽  
Glenn Pransky
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
The United States ◽  
Socioeconomic Disparities ◽  
Low Back

scholarly journals Statistical Analysis of Natural Events in the United States

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Levi ◽  
Christian Partrat
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
The United States ◽  
Normal Model ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Expected Frequency ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Anderson Darling ◽  
Log Normal

AbstractA statistical analysis is performed on natural events which can produce important damages to insurers. The analysis is based on hurricanes which have been observed in the United States between 1954 et 1986.At first, independence between the number and the amount of the losses is examined. Different distributions (Poisson and negative binomial for frequency and exponential, Pareto and lognormal for severity) are tested. Along classical tests as chi-square, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and non parametric tests, a test with weights on the upper tail of the distribution is used: the Anderson – Darling test.Confidence intervals for the probability of occurrence of a claim and expected frequency for different potential levels of claims are derived. The Poisson Log-normal model gives a very good fit to the data.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Solus One Salmonella Assay in Select Foods: Collaborative Study: First Action 2020.03

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 1568-1581
Author(s):  
Benjamin Bastin ◽  
M Joseph Benzinger ◽  
Erin S Crowley ◽  
James Agin ◽  
Raymond Wakefield
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Reference Method ◽  
The United States ◽  
Probability Of Detection ◽  
Inoculum Level ◽  
Test Portion ◽  
The Matrix

Abstract Background The Solus One Salmonella immunoassay utilizes Salmonella specific selective media and automated liquid handling, for the rapid and specific detection of Salmonella species in select food types. Objective The candidate method was evaluated using 375 g test portions in an unpaired study design for a single matrix, instant non-fat dry milk (NFDM) powder. Method The matrix was compared to the United States Food and Drug Administration/Bacteriological Analytical Manual (FDA/BAM) Chapter 5 Salmonella reference method. Eleven participants from 10 laboratories within academia and industry, located within the United States, Mexico, South Africa, Germany, and the United Kingdom, contributed data for the collaborative study. Three levels of contamination were evaluated for each matrix: an uninoculated control level [0 colony forming units (CFU)/test portion], a low inoculum level (0.2–2 CFU/test portion) and a high inoculum level (2–5 CFU/test portion). Statistical analysis was conducted according to the Probability of Detection (POD) statistical model. Results Results obtained for the low inoculum level test portions produced a dLPOD value with a 95% confidence interval between the candidate method confirmed (both alternative and conventional confirmation procedures) and the reference method of 0.07 (−0.02, 0.15). Conclusions The dLPOD results indicate equivalence between the candidate method and the reference method for the matrix evaluated and the method demonstrated acceptable inter-laboratory reproducibility as determined in the collaborative evaluation. False positive and false negative rates were determined for the matrix and produce values of <2%. Highlights Based on the data generated, the method demonstrated acceptable inter-laboratory reproducibility data and statistical analysis.

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