Stress and the healthy adolescent brain: Evidence for the neural embedding of life events

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (4pt1) ◽  
pp. 879-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara L. Ganzel ◽  
Pilyoung Kim ◽  
Heather Gilmore ◽  
Nim Tottenham ◽  
Elise Temple
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Adverse Life Events ◽  
Healthy Adolescent ◽  
Fearful Faces ◽  
Morphometric Analyses ◽  
Multiple Regions

AbstractLittle is known about the long-term neural consequences of adverse life events for healthy adolescents, and this is particularly the case for events that occur after a putative stress-sensitive period in early childhood. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging study of healthy adolescents, we found that prior exposure to severe adverse life events was associated with current anxiety and with increased amygdala reactivity to standardized emotional stimuli (viewing of fearful faces relative to calm ones). Conjunction analyses identified multiple regions, including the amygdala, insula, and prefrontal cortex, in which reactivity to emotional faces covaried with life events as well as with current anxiety. Our morphometric analyses suggest systemic alterations in structural brain development with an association between anxiety symptoms and global gray matter volume. No life events were reported for the period before 4 years of age, suggesting that these results were not driven by exposure to stress during an early sensitive period in development. Overall, these data suggest systemic effects of traumatic events on the dynamically developing brain that are present even in a nonclinical sample of adolescents.

5. In and out of prison

2015 ◽  
pp. 82-106
Author(s):  
Julian V. Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Drug Overdose ◽  
Electronic Monitoring ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
Financial Impact ◽  
Accidental Death ◽  
Adverse Life Events ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Self Harm

‘In and out of prison’ considers the state of prisons today; the typical prison population; the crimes that result in imprisonment; the costs of imprisonment; the process of release and the pros and cons of parole; life after release; and re-offenders. We expect our prisons to punish and to rehabilitate, but often there are numerous ‘pains of imprisonment’: incarceration, assault, homicide, accidental death by drug overdose, self-harm, and then the long-term financial impact and adverse life events on release from custody. Rehabilitation in the prison system is also difficult and costly to provide. Alternatives such as managing offenders in home confinement through intensive forms of electronic monitoring are also considered.

Original Preoperative Localization Technique of Parathyroid Adenomas by 3-Dimensional Virtual Neck Exploration

2021 ◽  
pp. 155335062110012
Author(s):  
Mihaela Ignat ◽  
Madeleine Pérouse ◽  
François Lefebvre ◽  
Deborah Kadoche ◽  
Alessio Imperiale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Recurrence Rate ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
Neck Exploration ◽  
Preoperative Imaging ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
Sestamibi Scan ◽  
Line Imaging

Objective. Preoperative imaging in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is essential for planning of parathyroidectomy—particularly for selection of a minimally invasive approach. The objective of this cohort study was to evaluate the diagnostic precision of 3D virtual neck exploration (3D-VNE), to evaluate its impact on choice of surgical approach, and to document the correlation with long-term outcomes. Methods. 235 consecutive patients with PHPT were studied (January 2014 to December 2018), with 6-month follow-up. 220 patients had a preoperative computed tomography (CT), 172 of these had a 3D-VNE based on the CT, and 226 patients had a Tc-99m sestamibi scan. Results. Sensitivity of exact, per gland, adenoma localization was 57.09% (95% CI: 50.85–63.10%) for nonspecialized radiologist interpretation of CT scan, 58.17% (95% CI: 51.99–64.10%) for Tc-99m sestamibi scan, and 90.21% (95% CI: 85.21–93.64%) for 3D-VNE, and thereby favoring 3D-VNE compared to CT scan alone (OR 34.5, 95% CI: 9.19–290.56%, P < 2.2 × 10−16) and to Tc-99m sestamibi scan (OR 16.25, 95% CI: 6.05–61.42%, P = 3.1 × 10−15). Specificity was 87.38% for CT scan, 86.36% for 3D-VNE, and 90% for Tc-99m sestamibi scan ( P > .05). The cure rate was 100%. The long-term recurrence rate (RR) was 2.978%. The RR was 1.324% in the video-assisted parathyroidectomy group of 151 patients and 5.952% in the group of 84 patients with cervicotomy ( P = .0459). Conclusion. CT-based 3D-VNE proved to be the most accurate localizing study in PHPT and aided in selecting patients for targeted minimally invasive parathyroidectomy, which was associated with the lower recurrence rate. 3D-VNE could be proposed as a first-line imaging study in patients with PHPT.

scholarly journals Psychiatric comorbid disorders of cognition: a machine learning approach using 1175 UK Biobank participants

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 140-145
Author(s):  
Chenlu Li ◽  
Delia A Gheorghe ◽  
John E Gallacher ◽  
Sarah Bauermeister
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Imaging Study ◽  
Cognitive Change ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Uk Biobank

BackgroundConceptualising comorbidity is complex and the term is used variously. Here, it is the coexistence of two or more diagnoses which might be defined as ‘chronic’ and, although they may be pathologically related, they may also act independently. Of interest here is the comorbidity of common psychiatric disorders and impaired cognition.ObjectivesTo examine whether anxiety and/or depression are/is important longitudinal predictors of cognitive change.MethodsUK Biobank participants used at three time points (n=502 664): baseline, first follow-up (n=20 257) and first imaging study (n=40 199). Participants with no missing data were 1175 participants aged 40–70 years, 41% women. Machine learning was applied and the main outcome measure of reaction time intraindividual variability (cognition) was used.FindingsUsing the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, the anxiety model achieves the best performance with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.68, followed by the depression model with an AUC of 0.63. The cardiovascular and diabetes model, and the covariates model have weaker performance in predicting cognition, with an AUC of 0.60 and 0.56, respectively.ConclusionsOutcomes suggest that psychiatric disorders are more important comorbidities of long-term cognitive change than diabetes and cardiovascular disease, and demographic factors. Findings suggest that psychiatric disorders (anxiety and depression) may have a deleterious effect on long-term cognition and should be considered as an important comorbid disorder of cognitive decline.Clinical implicationsImportant predictive effects of poor mental health on longitudinal cognitive decline should be considered in secondary and also primary care.

scholarly journals Experienced Adversity in Life Is Associated With Polarized and Affirmed Political Attitudes

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 652-659 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Randles ◽  
Steven J. Heine ◽  
Michael Poulin ◽  
Roxane Cohen Silver
Keyword(s):  
Life Events ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Political Attitudes ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
National Sample ◽  
Adverse Life Events ◽  
Over Time

Many studies find that when made to feel uncertain, participants respond by affirming importantly held beliefs. However, while theories argue that these effects should persist over time for highly disruptive experiences, almost no research has been performed outside the lab. We conducted a secondary analysis of data from a national sample of U.S. adults ( N = 1,613) who were followed longitudinally for 3 years. Participants reported lifetime and recent adversities experienced annually, as well as their opinions on a number of questions related to intergroup hostility and aggression toward out-groups, similar to those used in many lab studies of uncertainty. We anticipated that those who had experienced adversity would show more extreme support for their position. There was a positive relationship between adversity and the tendency to strongly affirm and polarize their positions. Results suggest that adverse life events may lead to long-lasting changes in one’s tendency to polarize one’s political attitudes.

scholarly journals Do adverse life events at first onset of auditory verbal hallucinations influence subsequent voice characteristics? Results from an epidemiological study

2018 ◽  
Vol 261 ◽  
pp. 232-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef J. Bless ◽  
Frank Larøi ◽  
Julien Laloyaux ◽  
Kristiina Kompus ◽  
Bodil Kråkvik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epidemiological Study ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Adverse Life Events ◽  
Auditory Verbal Hallucinations ◽  
First Onset
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document