Does Philosophy ‘Leave Everything as it is’? Even Theology?

1989 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 225-236
Author(s):  
Renford Bambrough
Keyword(s):  
Rocky Mountains ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Three Dimensional Objects ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Aurora Borealis ◽  
The Church

Does photography leave everything as it is? Clearly not. It scalps Uncle George, as he stands at the church door, proudly, innocently, in the role of bride's father, and it decapitates his nephew James, who had until now been a head taller than any other member of the wedding group. It reduces to two dimensions, and to black and white, such solid three-dimensional objects as the Rocky Mountains and St Paul's Cathedral, such colourful scenes and sights as the Aurora Borealis and sunset in the desert.

scholarly journals Digital Imaging as a Possible Approach in Evaluation of Islet Yield

2003 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Girman ◽  
Jan Kříž ◽  
Jozef Friedmanský ◽  
FrantišEk Saudek
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Digital Imaging ◽  
Digital Image Analysis ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
New Method ◽  
Important Method ◽  
Three Dimensional Objects ◽  
Significant Difference

Digital image analysis (DIA) is a new method in assessment of islet amount, which is expected to provide reliable and consistent results. We compared this method with conventional counting of small numbers of rat islets. Islets were isolated from 8 pancreases and counted in 24 samples in duplicate, first routinely by sizing according to estimated diameters under a calibrated reticule and then by processing of islets pictures taken by camera. As presumed, no significant difference was found in absolute numbers of islets per sample between DIA and conventional assessment. Volumes of islets per sample measured by DIA were on average more than 10% higher than amounts evaluated conventionally, which was statistically significant. DIA has been shown to be an important method to remove operator bias and provide consistent results. Evaluation of only two dimensions of three-dimensional objects still represents a certain limitation of this technique. With lowering of computer prices the system could become easily available for islet laboratories.

Radiolaria: validating the Turing theory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Richards
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Mechanism ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Reaction Diffusion ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Alan Turing ◽  
School Sports ◽  
The University ◽  
University Of Manchester

In his 1952 paper ‘The chemical basis of morphogenesis’ Turing postulated his now famous Morphogenesis Equation. He claimed that his theory would explain why plants and animals took the shapes they did. When I joined him, Turing suggested that I might solve his equation in three dimensions, a new problem. After many manipulations using rather sophisticated mathematics and one of the first factory-produced computers in the UK, I derived a series of solutions to Turing’s equation. I showed that these solutions explained the shapes of specimens of the marine creatures known as Radiolaria, and that they corresponded very closely to the actual spiny shapes of real radiolarians. My work provided further evidence for Turing’s theory of morphogenesis, and in particular for his belief that the external shapes exhibited by Radiolaria can be explained by his reaction–diffusion mechanism. While working in the Computing Machine Laboratory at the University of Manchester in the early 1950s, Alan Turing reignited the interests he had had in both botany and biology from his early youth. During his school-days he was more interested in the structure of the flowers on the school sports field than in the games played there (see Fig. 1.3). It is known that during the Second World War he discussed the problem of phyllotaxis (the arrangement of leaves and florets in plants), and then at Manchester he had some conversations with Claude Wardlaw, the Professor of Botany in the University. Turing was keen to take forward the work that D’Arcy Thompson had published in On Growth and Form in 1917. In his now-famous paper of 1952 Turing solved his own ‘Equation of Morphogenesis’ in two dimensions, and demonstrated a solution that could explain the ‘dappling’—the black-and-white patterns—on cows. The next step was for me to solve Turing’s equation in three dimensions. The two-dimensional case concerns only surface features of organisms, such as dappling, spots, and stripes, whereas the three-dimensional version concerns the overall shape of an organism. In 1953 I joined Turing as a research student in the University of Manchester, and he set me the task of solving his equation in three dimensions. A remarkable journey of collaboration began. Turing chatted to me in a very friendly fashion.

scholarly journals Timbre and Affect Dimensions: Evidence from Affect and Similarity Ratings and Acoustic Correlates of Isolated Instrument Sounds

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuomas Eerola ◽  
Rafael Ferrer ◽  
Vinoo Alluri
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Acoustic Features ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Acoustic Correlates

considerable effort has been made towards understanding how acoustic and structural features contribute to emotional expression in music, but relatively little attention has been paid to the role of timbre in this process. Our aim was to investigate the role of timbre in the perception of affect dimensions in isolated musical sounds, by way of three behavioral experiments. In Experiment 1, participants evaluated perceived affects of 110 instrument sounds that were equal in duration, pitch, and dynamics using a three-dimensional affect model (valence, energy arousal, and tension arousal) and preference and emotional intensity. In Experiment 2, an emotional dissimilarity task was applied to a subset of the instrument sounds used in Experiment 1 to better reveal the underlying affect structure. In Experiment 3, the perceived affect dimensions as well as preference and intensity of a new set of 105 instrument sounds were rated by participants. These sounds were also uniform in pitch, duration, and playback dynamics but contained systematic manipulations in the dynamics of sound production, articulation, and ratio of high-frequency to low-frequency energy. The affect dimensions for all the experiments were then explained in terms of the three kinds of acoustic features extracted: spectral (e.g., ratio of high-frequency to low-frequency energy), temporal (e.g., attack slope), and spectro-temporal (e.g., spectral flux). High agreement among the participants' ratings across the experiments suggested that even isolated instrument sounds contain cues that indicate affective expression, and these are recognized as such by the listeners. A dominant portion (50-57%) of the two dimensions of affect (valence and energy arousal) could be predicted by linear combinations of few acoustic features such as ratio of high-frequency to low-frequency energy, attack slope, and spectral regularity. Links between these features and those observed in the vocal expression of affects and other sound phenomena are discussed.

The arithmetic symmetry of colored crystals: classification of 2-color 2-lattices

2004 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Fadda ◽  
Giovanni Zanzotto
Keyword(s):  
Symmetry Breaking ◽  
Crystal Structures ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Systematic Classification ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Detailed Classification

A framework for the detailed classification of general crystal structures, based on an arithmetic criterion, has been proposed in recent years. In this paper it is shown how this method can also be applied to enumerate colored crystals. To illustrate this approach, the systematic classification in the simplest case,i.e.of `2-color 2-lattices', in two and three dimensions (two- and three-dimensional crystals with two differently colored atoms per unit translational cell) is presented. 51 distinct types of 2-color 2-lattices are found in three dimensions (ten types in two dimensions); this gives a complete catalog of the simplest crystal structures that are theoretically possible for two-element compounds. Among the 51 2-lattices, all those which already have aStrukturberichtedenomination are retrieved, as well as the 22 `black-and-white lattices' considered in the theory of magnetic crystals. The symmetry hierarchies and symmetry-breaking possibilities for 2-color 2-lattices are also determined in two and three dimensions.

White Brothers–Black Strangers: Dutch Calvinist Churches and Apartheid in South-Africa

Exchange ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 365-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Meijers
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Church History ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Reformed Church ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
Reformed Churches ◽  
The Church

AbstractAfter apartheid was abolished in 1994, fierce discussions within the Dutch churches on the theme of apartheid were quickly forgotten. However, we could still learn from this important chapter of church history. Erica Meijers argues that the debates during the 1970s and 1980s have their roots in the changes which the churches underwent in the 1950s and 1960s. Apartheid confronted protestant churches with their own images of black and white, their role in the colonial area and their view of the role of the church in society. All this led to a decreasing solidarity with the Afrikaners and a growing focus on black reality in South Africa. White brothers became strangers and black strangers became allies. This is in essence the transformation of attitude which both the Netherlands Reformed Church and the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands underwent between 1948 and 1972.

scholarly journals The role of cone-beam computed tomography in evaluation of an extensive radicular cyst of the maxilla

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 30-33
Author(s):  
Shaik Althaf ◽  
Nishat Hussaini ◽  
A. Srirekha ◽  
Lekha Santhosh
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Cone Beam Computed Tomography ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Radicular Cyst ◽  
Periapical Lesions ◽  
Three Dimensional Objects ◽  
Large Size

Radicular cyst is the second most common odontogenic cyst. Most of these lesions involve the apex of offending tooth and appear as well-defined radiolucencies. When asymptomatic, a cyst can acquire a large size, even extending into anatomic cavities. The present case reports an extensive radicular cyst extending into the maxillary sinus that could have been easily mistaken for just a displaced tooth. Conventional radiographs show two-dimensional images of three-dimensional objects. Cone-beam computed tomography provides undistorted three-dimensional information of hard tissues, gives adequate spatial resolution, and recently seen as an expansion in diagnosis and management of periapical lesions. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of radicular cyst were successful with endodontic treatment and surgical management.

scholarly journals An outline of John Calvin’s teachings on the Church in the light of Institutio Religionis Christianae (1543)

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 117-125
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Wodziński
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
Roman Catholic Church ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
God's Grace ◽  
Eternal Salvation ◽  
The Church

One of the main postulates of the reformation movement, apart from the theological questions, was a proposal of the internal reform of the church institution. The Father of the Reformation, as Rev. Martin Luther is called in the source literature, raised the questions concerning the mission of the Church, its role in the magisterium, and, perhaps above all, its hierarchical structure and the role of the clergy in the process of eternal salvation. As a result of his reflections, observations, and personal experience, Luther successively undermined different dogmatic, theological questions, as well as those regarding the organization of the Roman Catholic Church. Slogans of renewal and reforms of the church structure spread very rapidly through the territory of German Reich, gaining numerous supporters among the European states. One of those for whom the Reformation ideas became the main field of activity was John Calvin of France. A well-rounded, well educated, and well-read lawyer, familiar with the main works of the German monk, Calvin’s principal theses postulated changes in the functioning of the Church. Additionally, Calvin proposed to distinguish between two dimensions of the Church, i.e. the earthly (visible) and the heavenly (invisible) one, with Jesus Christ as the highest priest, bonding the Church together and guaranteeing its unity, permanence, and indivisibility. Calvin’s opus magnum, Institucio Religionis Christianae, represents to the fullest his vision of the Christian Church as he thought it should be. An analysis of specific issues regarding the function of the clergymen, the role of the pope, the celebration of the sacraments, penance and conversion, as well as eternal salvation, gives an insight into the basic compendium of ecclesiological knowledge compiled by Calvin. His teachings about the Church, although in some points different from those of Rev. Martin Luther, nonetheless oscillate within the principal slogans of Reformation: Sola Fides – the man is saved solely by faith, Sola Gratia – God’s grace is necessary for salvation, Sola Scriptura – the only source of faith is the Holy Bible. Calvin’s own idea was that of Solus Christus – salvation can be reached solely through Christ as the centre of the Church. Calvin’s Christ-centric attitude reveals itself to the fullest in his preaching and the ideological foundations he established for the reformed denomination.  

scholarly journals Which Side Looks Better? Cultural Differences in Preference for Left- or Right-Facing Objects

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1658
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Nittono ◽  
Haruka Shibata ◽  
Keita Mizuhara ◽  
Shiri Lieber-Milo
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Lateral View ◽  
Dominant Hand ◽  
Oblique View ◽  
Directional Bias ◽  
Total N ◽  
Three Dimensional Objects ◽  
Reading Direction ◽  
Study Participants

An oblique view of three-dimensional objects is preferred over a frontal or lateral view, partly because it is more familiar and easily recognizable. However, which side of a symmetric object looks better remains unsolved. Reading direction, handedness, and the functionality of objects have been suggested as the potential sources of directional bias. In this study, participants of three online surveys (total N = 1082) were asked to choose one item that looked better or was more aesthetically pleasing; the test was performed between 100 pairs of left- and right-facing mirror-images. The results showed that Japanese participants (both vertical and left-to-right readers) and Israeli participants (right-to-left readers) preferred left-facing images over right-facing images, whereas American participants (left-to-right readers) preferred right-facing images over left-facing images. Weak effects of handedness and object functionality were also found: Left-handers tended to choose right-facing images more than right-handers, and the view of objects with a handle that is graspable by the dominant hand was more likely to be chosen over the opposite side view, regardless of culture. Although previous studies have emphasized the role of reading direction, a close look at the results suggests that it cannot fully account for the preferred facing direction of oblique objects.

Mental Rotation: A Task for the Assessment of Visuospatial Skills of Children

1998 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerry A. Stefanatos ◽  
Ester S. Buchholz ◽  
Nancy Fay Miller
Keyword(s):  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Mirror Image ◽  
Three Dimensional Objects ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Task Instructions ◽  
Visuospatial Skills ◽  
Comprehensive Test ◽  
The Right

7 girls and 5 boys, ranging in age from 7 to 12 years, participated in the pilot testing of a mental rotation task developed for use in a comprehensive test battery of visuoperceptual abilities. Two asymmetric, three-dimensional objects were constructed from wood strips such that one object was the mirror-image of the other. Black and white photographs were taken of these objects in various spatial orientations along a horizontal plane. 16 photographs depicted the object right-side-up and in 16 the object was upside-down (rotated 180° in the vertical plane). These photographs were presented to the children who were asked to match each with the corresponding object. Analysis indicated correct judgements of the right-side-up images occurred more frequently than the upside-down images ( t11=4.73, p<.001). Using these data, adjustments were made to the task instructions to provide greater clarity for the young participants.

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