How to chat in English and Chinese: Emerging digital language conventions

ReCALL ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 308-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
HEATHER LOTHERINGTON ◽  
YEJUN XU
Keyword(s):  
Online Communication ◽  
Language Instruction ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Second Languages ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
World Languages ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Digital Environments ◽  
And Function

Rapid changes in language form and function occurring in digital environments present teachers and students of second languages alike with conundrums as to language and discourse standards. Factors affecting the changes that are emerging in digital English include the spatial and temporal possibilities and constraints of the medium, digital facilitation of case-creativity and iconic incorporation, and new social network configurations. This paper analyzes evolving changes in orthographic, syntactic, discourse and sociocultural conventions occurring in English and Chinese in digital environments, based on a small scale study conducted at York University in 2002–2003, noting trends across these languages as well as more limited, culturally and linguistically specific evolutions. The converging conventional changes occurring in these two major world languages suggest that similar transitions are happening generally in languages used for online communication, which has serious implications for second language instruction.

As-Built Geometry and Surface Finish Effects on Fatigue and Tensile Properties of Laser Fused Titanium 6Al-4V

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Onome Scott-Emuakpor ◽  
Tommy George ◽  
Emily Henry ◽  
Casey Holycross ◽  
Jeff Brown
Keyword(s):  
Tensile Properties ◽  
Surface Finish ◽  
Fatigue Behavior ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Material Behavior ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Internal Cooling ◽  
Roughness Effects ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function

The as-built material behavior of additive manufactured (AM) Titanium (Ti) 6Al-4V is investigated in this study. A solution heat treated, aged, stress relieved, and hot isostatic pressed Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) AM process was used to manufacture the specimens of interest. The motivation behind this work is based on the ever-growing desire of aerospace system designers to use AM to fabricate components with novel geometries. Specifically, there is keen interest in AM components with complex internal cooling configurations such as turbine blades, nozzle vanes, and heat exchangers that can improve small scale propulsion performance. Though it is feasible to three-dimensionally print parts that meet the Fit portion of a part characteristic description and identification, the Form and Function portions have proven to be more difficult to conquer. This study addresses both the Form and Function characteristics of the LPBF AM process via the investigation of geometry variation and surface roughness effects pertaining to mechanical properties and fatigue behavior of Ti 6Al-4V. Results show that geometry variation may be the cause of increased vibration fatigue life uncertainty. Also, both fatigue and tensile properties show profound discrepancies associated with surface finish. As-built surface finish specimens have lower fatigue and ductility performance, but the results are more consistent than polished data.

scholarly journals Factors affecting pre-service teachers’ participation in asynchronous discussion: The case of Iran

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Ebrahimi ◽  
Esmail Faghih ◽  
Seyyedeh Susan Marandi
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Teacher Educators ◽  
Online Communication ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Language Teachers ◽  
Online Discussions ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Discussion Forums ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Factors Affecting

<p>This study reports on a qualitative small-scale exploratory study which examined the factors influencing 32 Iranian pre-service language teachers’ participation in online asynchronous text-based discussion forums. By adopting a multiple case study design and analysing data gathered through semi-structured interviews and participants’ online postings, it was found that access to computers and the Internet or high speed Internet, group size, quality of messages, level of instructor’s involvement, grades, interface qualities, participants’ personal characteristics and attitudes toward online interactions, as well as familiarity and experience with online discussions influenced participants’ level of participation in online discussions. Based on the findings, recommendations are made to help language teacher educators to encourage effective online communication practices in similar educational settings.</p>

scholarly journals Assessment of the process of urban transformation in Baghdad city form and function.

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mazin Al-Saffar
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Urban Morphology ◽  
Urban Transformation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Urban Patterns ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
The City

During the 21st century, urban transformation of cities has been intensely affected by flows of socio-economic and technological processes. Through the centuries, such as all historical places in Mesopotamia, Baghdad has given an outstanding example of dramatic evolution. The city, which stands on the river Tigris, faced various transformation processes in the culture and physical environment due to social and political reasons. The transformation of Baghdad city is a very complicated process driven by various factors affecting the homogeneity of the old urban fabric. Reconfiguration and the production of new urban typologies within the heritage fabric were the most fundamental effects. The outcome was different spatial languages competing with each other. This transformation changed the relations and hierarchies among spaces, which allowed more flexibility and accessibility between private and public space. The main purpose of this study is to examine how Baghdad city emerged and to develop a comprehensive understanding of the history of urban transformation in the context of city change. To achieve this aim, this paper will utilise urban morphology to explain how Baghdad transformed from a geometric city (the Round City AD762 by Caliph Al-Mansur) to an organic form and then from a traditional city to the modern metropolis. It will seek to analyse the process of urban transformation in Baghdad and show different types of urban patterns. Moreover, this paper will try to illustrate how the new way of transportation represented by the car has affected the historic centre and changed the structural system of Baghdad.

scholarly journals Bands of brothers and in-laws: Waorani warfare, marriage and alliance formation

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1890) ◽  
pp. 20181859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane J. Macfarlan ◽  
Pamela I. Erickson ◽  
James Yost ◽  
Jhanira Regalado ◽  
Lilia Jaramillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Relationships ◽  
Strategic Alliances ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Intergroup Conflict ◽  
Coalition Building ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Alliance Formation ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function

The root of modern human warfare lies in the lethal coalitionary violence of males in small-scale societies. However, there is a paucity of quantitative data concerning the form and function of coalitionary violence in this setting. Debates exist over how lethal coalitions are constituted, as well as the motivations and benefits for males to join such groups. Data from a lowland Amazonian population, the Waorani of Ecuador, illuminate three issues: (i) the degree to which raiding parties are composed of groups of fraternal kin as opposed to strategic alliances of actual or potential affinal kin; (ii) the extent to which individuals use pre-existing affinal ties to motivate others to participate in war or leverage warfare as a mechanism to create such ties; and (iii) the extent to which participation in raiding is driven by rewards associated with future marriage opportunities. Analyses demonstrate that Waorani raiding parties were composed of a mix of males who were potential affines, actual affines and fraternal kin, suggesting that men used pre-existing genetic, lineal and social kin ties for recruiting raid partners and used raiding as a venue to create novel social relationships. Furthermore, analyses demonstrate that males leveraged raiding alliances to achieve marriage opportunities for themselves as well as for their children. Overall, it appears that a complex set of motivations involving individual rewards, kin marriage opportunities, subtle coercion and the assessment of alliance strength promote violent intergroup conflict among the Waorani. These findings illustrate the complex inter-relationships among kin selection, coalition building and mating success in our species.

Twelve tips for teaching neuroanatomy, from the medical students’ perspective (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanskrithi Sravanam ◽  
Chloë Jacklin ◽  
Eoghan McNelis
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Fine Detail ◽  
Yield Learning ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Haptic Learning ◽  
And Function ◽  
Own Name

BACKGROUND Neuroanatomy is a complex and fascinating subject that is often a daunting prospect for medical students. In fact, the fear of learning neuroanatomy has gained its own name – “neurophobia”. OBJECTIVE To tackle “neurophobia” by summarising twelve tips for dynamic and engaging neuroanatomy teaching. METHODS Tips were formulated based on our experiences as three senior medical students and evidence-based techniques. RESULTS The 12 tips are (1) Big concepts before fine detail, (2) Draw an annotated diagram, (3) Teach form and function together, (4) Group anatomy into systems, (5) Teach the vasculature, (6) Familiarise students with neuroimaging, (7) Use dissections for haptic learning, (8) Teach from clinical cases, (9) Build from first principles, (10) Try working in reverse, (11) Let the student become the teacher, (12) Let the student become the examiner. CONCLUSIONS These 12 tips can be used by teachers and students alike to provide a high-yield learning experience.

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) of DNA and RNA

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 34-35
Author(s):  
Patricia G. Arscott ◽  
Gil Lee ◽  
Victor A. Bloomfield ◽  
D. Fennell Evans
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Inorganic Materials ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Tunneling ◽  
Tunneling Microscopy ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Calf Thymus ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

STM is one of the most promising techniques available for visualizing the fine details of biomolecular structure. It has been used to map the surface topography of inorganic materials in atomic dimensions, and thus has the resolving power not only to determine the conformation of small molecules but to distinguish site-specific features within a molecule. That level of detail is of critical importance in understanding the relationship between form and function in biological systems. The size, shape, and accessibility of molecular structures can be determined much more accurately by STM than by electron microscopy since no staining, shadowing or labeling with heavy metals is required, and there is no exposure to damaging radiation by electrons. Crystallography and most other physical techniques do not give information about individual molecules.We have obtained striking images of DNA and RNA, using calf thymus DNA and two synthetic polynucleotides, poly(dG-me5dC)·poly(dG-me5dC) and poly(rA)·poly(rU).

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