Support verb constructions: linguistic properties, representation, translation

1992 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Danlos
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Alternative Possibilities ◽  
Tense And Aspect ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
Transfer Rules ◽  
French And English ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Complex Structural

AbstractThis article deals with constructions such as Jean a fait une promenade or Jean a soif which contain verbs called here ‘support verbs’. These structures are known to pose immense difficulties for the translator (whether human or automatic) and part oif the purpose of this paper is to suggest representations which render their translation easier on the basis of work carried out by the author within the EC Eurotra Machine Translation project. First of all, it is argued on linguistic grounds that support verb constructions behave differently from constructions containing ‘ordinary’ verbs such as lire or ouvrir. In particular, it is claimed that the syntactic and semantic head of Jean a fait une promenade is the noun promenade and not the verb faire which is a mere carrier of tense and aspect. We then raise the question of the representation of support verb constructions for the purposes of machine translation and examine several alternative possibilities. The representations adopted below are shown to lead to simple transfer rules limited to the substitution of lexical items which do not entail complex structural changes between source and target sentences. The linguistic ideas presented here have been implemented in nine languages within the Eurotra project but most of the discussion is based on contrastive evidence between French and English.

Polish-Jewish Relations and the January Uprising: The Polish Perspective

2004 ◽  
pp. 68-80
Author(s):  
Magdalena Opalska
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Literary Tradition ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Aspect ◽  
Jewish Question ◽  
Polish Literature ◽  
The Past ◽  
Polish Society ◽  
Complex Structural ◽  
Positive Evaluation

This chapter focuses on Polish–Jewish relations and the January uprising. The memory of the pro-Polish orientation of the Jews in the January uprising remained alive throughout the 19th and in the early 20th centuries. The legend of patriotic ‘Poles of Mosaic faith’, which crystallized in the 1860s as a part of a broader romantic myth, gained a lasting place in literary tradition. The positive evaluation of the Jewish role generally remained artistically and ideologically rooted in the traditional romantic worldview. From that point of view, many later works can be seen as fossils of Polish romanticism. As the character of Polish–Jewish relations deteriorated, the Jewish legend of 1863 was continually revised in retrospect and it evolved in an increasingly negative fashion. Projecting new problems upon the past, Polish literature of the realist and modernist periods emphasized the economic aspect of Polish–Jewish relations and portrayed Jewish political loyalties with growing ambivalence. Echoing complex structural changes in post-insurrectionary Polish society as a whole, changes which brought about the revision of the larger myth of 1863, the evolution of its Jewish aspect followed closely the course of the debate on the so-called ‘Jewish question’.

The deterioration of the usage of ‘kaana’ in the Holy Quran via translation

Babel ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Al-Khawalda
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Computer Programs ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Tense And Aspect ◽  
Holy Quran ◽  
Back Translation ◽  
The Holy Quran ◽  
Arabic And English ◽  
Aspectual Meaning

This paper investigates the accuracy of the translation of the Arabic copula kaana (be-past-he) in the holy Quran. The first one hundred usages of kaana are selected for investigation. The examples are exclusively derived from Surat al-baqarah (1) and surat ali?umran (2). The translation under discussion is taken from ‘Holy Quran, CD, 6th ed. Saxir for Computer Programs’ The translation has been checked via back translation, which was compared with the original temporal and aspectual meaning expressed by the usage of kaana. It turns out that the translation of kaana caused confusion rather than understanding. It also seems that most of the inadequacies result from insufficient understanding of the mechanism of tense and aspect in both the Arabic and English languages. Moreover, in most cases, the modal usage of kaana which plays a significant role, is ignored by the translator(s). In addition to back translation carried out by some scholars, the translation has also been checked via ‘Machine Translation’ which shows a real abuse of the original text.

Handsaw or Harlot? Some problem etymologies in the lexicon of Chinook Jargon

1983 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara P. Harris
Keyword(s):  
The Core ◽  
French And English ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Core Vocabulary ◽  
Chinook Jargon ◽  
Over Time

Like all pidgins, the lexicon of Chinook Jargon has a number of sources; although the core vocabulary is chiefly of Chinookan and Nootkan origin, English and French have also made large contributions, the percentage of each varying from time to time and from place to place. As Sankoff (1980: 145) points out, “Chinook Jargon remained highly variable throughout its history. Its vocabulary changed radically over time depending on the locus and proportions of its various groups of speakers, and because of the increasing dominance of English over time.” While most of the lexical items in the Jargon have been more or less satisfactorily accounted for, especially those of French and English origin, there remain a score or so of words for which an etymology either is not recorded or is of dubious accuracy. For some time, I have been attempting to track down the origins of as many of these ‘mystery words’ as possible, or to offer more probable sources than those usually cited. In this paper, I deal only with those items whose origin is apparently in or through French.

A Knowledge-Based Machine Translation Using AI Technique

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 79-92
Author(s):  
Sahar A. El-Rahman ◽  
Tarek A. El-Shishtawy ◽  
Raafat A. El-Kammar
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Translation System ◽  
Module Structure ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Word Category ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Language Analysis ◽  
Transfer Rules

This article presents a realistic technique for the machine aided translation system. In this technique, the system dictionary is partitioned into a multi-module structure for fast retrieval of Arabic features of English words. Each module is accessed through an interface that includes the necessary morphological rules, which directs the search toward the proper sub-dictionary. Another factor that aids fast retrieval of Arabic features of words is the prediction of the word category, and accesses its sub-dictionary to retrieve the corresponding attributes. The system consists of three main parts, which are the source language analysis, the transfer rules between source language (English) and target language (Arabic), and the generation of the target language. The proposed system is able to translate, some negative forms, demonstrations, and conjunctions, and also adjust nouns, verbs, and adjectives according their attributes. Then, it adds the symptom of Arabic words to generate a correct sentence.

scholarly journals Interaction between structural changes in machine translation

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satoshi Kinoshita ◽  
John Phillips ◽  
Jun-ichi Tsujii
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
Structural Changes

scholarly journals Optimization of the structure of insulating composite materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-62
Author(s):  
Zeljko Kos ◽  
Valerii Vyrovoi ◽  
Volodymyr Sukhanov ◽  
Mykhailo Zavoloka ◽  
Aleksandr Gokhman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Design System ◽  
Building Structure ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Structural System ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
Self Development ◽  
Complex Structural ◽  
Self Organizing

The article deals with the interdependent relationship between the properties of a structure and the properties of a material, which sets the task of reducing them, even they are indistinguishable, to a certain integrity. The object of research and analysis in the article is a building structure, which is seen as an open self-organized complex structural system. In the main part, the processes of the formation of structures are considered, as well as the classification of structural elements. The article concludes with structural changes related to the self-support and self-development of the network of active elements, which allow the manifestation of adaptation effects and the design-system to function during the normalized period. The importance of self-organization processes during the development and operation of construction systems allow us to attribute it to a self-organizing system. Thus, the building structure can be represented as an open and complex self-organizing system.

scholarly journals Inflectional Forms of Tense in Lutsotso

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-28
Author(s):  
Hellen Odera ◽  
David Barasa ◽  
Atichi Alati
Keyword(s):  
Unit Of Analysis ◽  
Tense And Aspect ◽  
The Past ◽  
Verb Constructions ◽  
The Future

Lutsotso verbs consist of more than one morpheme expressing a particular grammatical meaning. The various morphological affixes attached to the verb indicate agreement, tense, aspect and voice. Tense and aspect morphemes in Lutsotso follow the same order for all types of verb constructions. Although tense and aspect in Lutsotso are deeply intertwined, this paper focuses on tense only. The Lutsotso tense is divided into the present, past and the future. The past and the future are distributed in four degrees as follows: remote, intermediate, near and immediate. Since the verb is the unit of analysis in this paper, we first describe the basic verb form in Lutsotso. This will entail the verb root and other crucial aspects such as the final vowel and the infinitive form that influence it. We also give agreement in the feature, person, number, subject verb markers and object markers. Finally, tense forms in Lutsotso will be discussed beginning with the present, followed by the past and the future.

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