scholarly journals Ideas, Individuals and Institutions: Notion and Practices of a European Electricity System

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 202-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
VINCENT LAGENDIJK
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Electricity Market ◽  
Electricity Supply ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Archival Research ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Electricity System ◽  
Path Dependencies ◽  
European System ◽  
Strong Path

Based upon extensive multi-archival research, this article traces the long lineage of the notion of European electricity network. Since the 1930s engineers and policy makers conceived of a geographical conception for rationalising and optimising electricity supply: a European one. This article purports that three vectors undergirded threads of continuity: institutional, intellectual and physical (technological networks). These vectors, and the actors involved in them, created strong path dependencies that kept the idea of a European system firmly on the agenda. Today's international electricity market of the European Union should be seen as an extension of this legacy.

scholarly journals The European Union as a Security Actor in the Sahel

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 382-412
Author(s):  
Friedrich Plank ◽  
Julian Bergmann
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Eu Foreign Policy ◽  
The Past ◽  
Path Dependencies ◽  
Security Actor ◽  
Lock In ◽  
Strong Path ◽  
The Eu

Abstract In the past decade, the EU has significantly stepped up its profile as a security actor in the Sahel. Drawing on historical institutionalism, we conceptualise path-dependencies and lock-in effects as elements of a “foreign policy entrapment” spiral to analyse the EU’s policies towards the Sahel. Specifically, we seek to explain the EU’s increasingly widened and deepened engagement in the region. Hence, this article traces the evolution of the EU’s Sahel policy both in discourse and implementation. We identify a predominant security narrative as well as a regionalisation narrative and show that EU action has followed these narratives. Based on this analysis, we argue that the evolution of the EU’s Sahel policy can be understood as a case of “foreign policy entrapment”. Initial decisions on the overall direction of EU foreign policy have created strong path-dependencies and lock-in effects that make it difficult for EU policy-makers to change the policy course.

Moving Targets

2001 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 742-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAINER EISING ◽  
NICOLAS JABKO
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
National Level ◽  
Electricity Supply ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Moving Targets ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Institutional Dynamics ◽  
Electricity Supply Industry ◽  
Supply Industry

After 10 years of controversial negotiations, in 1996 the European Union finally took action to liberalize the electricity supply industry. Given the intensity of bilateral contacts between France and Germany, the reform has often been presented as a straightforward intergovernmental deal. This article argues that the French-German deal was only the tip of the iceberg. Perceptions of national interests evolved considerably in both countries. The most important cause for these changes was at the European Union (EU) level, not at the national level. The institutional dynamics of EU negotiations induced a series of preference changes and key political realignments at the national level.

scholarly journals The Albanian Enforcement System

Lexonomica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-134
Author(s):  
Flutura Kola
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Legal System ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Commercial Area ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
European System ◽  
Settlement Agreements

This article presents an overview of the Albanian legal system of enforcement in the civil and commercial area. Its purpose is not only to identify the enforcement system in Albania and the characteristics of each enforcement title but also to compare it with that of the Brussels IA Regulation. The article concludes that the Albanian enforcement system is built on the spirit of the European system and is very similar to several European countries. However, the range of foreign enforcement titles that can be recognized and enforced in Albania is narrower than that provided in the European Union countries. Therefore, it should be expanded to include, in addition to irreversible judgments, other European enforcement acts, such as European Payment Order, Settlement Agreements, Authentic instruments, etc.

The European Central Bank

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Zilioli ◽  
Phoebus Athanassiou
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Central Bank ◽  
Monetary Union ◽  
European Central Bank ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Central ◽  
European System ◽  
The Eu

The provisions on Monetary Union (MU), of the Treaty on the functioning of the European Union (TFEU or the Treaty), as well as the Statute of the European System of Central Banks and of the European Central Bank (the Statute), are important in their own right, and are amongst those from which any student of the European Union (EU) can learn a great deal with regard to the EU.

13. Environmental Policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 297-320
Author(s):  
Andrea Lenschow
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Environmental Policy ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Policy Coordination ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Environmental Interest Groups ◽  
The Eu

This chapter focuses on the European Union’s environmental policy, the development of which was characterized by institutional deepening and the substantial expansion of environmental issues covered by EU decisions and regulations. Environmental policy presents a host of challenges for policy-makers, including the choice of appropriate instruments, improvement of implementation performance, and better policy coordination at all levels of policy-making. The chapter points to the continuing adaptations that have been made in these areas. It first considers the historical evolution of environmental policy in the EU before discussing the main actors in EU environmental policy-making, namely: the European Commission, the Council of the European Union, the European Parliament, the Court of Justice of the European Union, and environmental interest groups. The chapter also looks at the EU as an international actor.

ESCB/Eurosystem/National Central Banks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Langner
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
European Community ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Central Banks ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Legal Structure ◽  
European System

The European System of Central Banks (ESCB) and the Eurosystem respectively is quite a unique legal structure which is historically unprecedented. As part of the European Union (EU), it is necessarily based on the rule of law and needs to be clearly defined in the primary law as such. Thus, the ESCB was included in the European Union’s constituting Treaties by the Treaty of Maastricht in Articles 8 and 106 of the Treaty establishing the European Community (TEC). However, it reflects a typical European Union compromise.

Will the Sparks Fly? The Role of the European Union in the Liberalisation of the Electricity Industry

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 239-277
Author(s):  
Angus Johnston
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Electricity Industry ◽  
Electricity Supply ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
Market Opening ◽  
Complex Combination ◽  
Economic Climate ◽  
The Impact

The impact of the increasing liberalisation of the energy sector in general and electricity supply in particular is hard to deny. Yet just a few short years ago, such developments were almost unthinkable. A complex combination of factors has led to an increasingly favourable political and economic climate for market opening and competition. However, the benefits of these developments remain distinctly unevenly spread throughout Europe, while the potential difficulties that an unchecked liberalisation process can cause are slowly coming to the fore. The challenge faced by the European Union in this sector is to promote these developments while remaining alive to their potential social and environmental consequences.

The governance of digital switchover of terrestrial television in the European Union: The role of policy framing

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krisztina Rozgonyi
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Policy Framing ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
Public Media ◽  
The Social ◽  
Service Oriented ◽  
Spectrum Policy ◽  
Broadcast Policy

Digital switchover of (DSO) of terrestrial broadcasting constitutes one of the most critical moments of policy change in Europe because it offered a unique opportunity of reconceptualising public media space for the next era of communication. The promise of a plural and public service oriented broadcast policy legitimized efforts of citizens investing in digitization, provided public acceptance and approval to the changes set to terminate analogue television. This article explores the policy framing of the switchover process in the European Union. It finds that DSO was constructed around overly technical and economic frames in the policy, a strategy, which allowed building an argument of neutrality of technology and hence of the steps policy-makers were making. This construction did not address the exclusion and side-lining of the social and political consequences of free-to-air reduction. The article argues that this practice provided a low-conflict policy process led by the European Commission between 2005 and 2015 and showcased a paradox on European spectrum policy. The article further argues that the governance of digitalization of Europe’s screens presents a case of highly complex low-salience regulatory policy, which means muted participation of citizens and limited public debate. Ultimately, this strategy undermines democratic practice and meaningful transparency in European policy-making as it eliminates deliberations on what constitutes public interest in the 21st media context. The analyses of communication DSO policy as a matter of polity situate well with European media governance scholarship.

Government expenditure and economic growth in the European Union countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 372-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gitana Dudzevičiūtė ◽  
Agnė Šimelytė ◽  
Aušra Liučvaitienė
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Government Spending ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide more reliable estimates of the relationship between government spending and economic growth in the European Union (EU) during the period of 1995-2015. Design/methodology/approach The methodology consisted of several different stages. In the first stage for an assessment of dynamics of government spending and economic growth indicators over two decades, descriptive statistics analysis was employed. Correlation analysis helped to identify the relationships between government expenditures (GEs) and economic growth. In the third stage, for modeling the relationship and the estimation of causality between GE and economic growth, Granger causality testing was applied. Findings The research indicated that eight EU countries have a significant relationship between government spending and economic growth. Research limitations/implications This study has been bounded by general GE and economic growth only. The breakdowns of general GE on the basis of the activities they support have not been considered in this paper, which is the main limitation of the research. Despite the limitation, it might be maintained that the research highlights key relationships in the EU countries. Originality/value These insights might be useful for policy makers. In countries with unidirectional causality running from GE to economic growth, the government can employ expenditure as a factor for growth. The governments should ensure that resources are properly managed and efficiently allocated to accelerate economic growth in the countries with unidirectional causality from GDP to GE.

Criminal networks, unfortunate circumstances, or migratory projects? Researching sex trafficking from Eastern Europe

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darja Davydova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Sex Work ◽  
Sex Trafficking ◽  
European Identity ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Eastern Border ◽  
Methodological Approaches

Eastern Europe constitutes a peripheral space of the European Union, in which political and symbolic belonging of the nations is constantly questioned. As the migration of Eastern Europeans challenges and redefines geographical and symbolic borders, sex trafficking emerges as a politicized issue related to the construction of the European identity and the surveillance of the borders. The research on sex trafficking is frequently employed by policy-makers in order to justify the increasing control of migration over the Eastern border. In this article, I explore the diversity of methodological approaches in recent research on migration for sex work from Eastern Europe and discuss its implications for maintaining physical and symbolic Eastern border of the European Union. I distinguish between different perspectives undertaken by researchers and demonstrate the relation between conceptualization of the problem of sex trafficking, methodological approaches, and the way Eastern Europe is described in research projects.

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