De-industrialization and re-industrialization: women's employment and the changing character of Colchester, 1700–1850

Urban History ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Sharpe
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Local Economy ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Economic Decline ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Agricultural Work ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Town ◽  
Push Factor

The relationship between changes in the local economy of the town and region of Colchester are explored in relation to women's employment opportunities. Economic decline and technological change in the woollen industry, as well as diminishing agricultural work for females, provided a ‘push’ factor for women to move to Colchester. In the town, urban rejuvenation meant expansion in the service sector. Yet Colchester was unable to absorb all the labouring women who moved there. Employers introduced new types of industry, characteristically by expanding from retailing to manufacture. The sweated trades produced silk, shoes and ready-made clothes. A process of re-industrialization was, then, engendered by the availability of cheap female labour.

scholarly journals Planning for work: Exploring the relationship between contraceptive use and women’s sector-specific employment in India

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0248391
Author(s):  
Lotus McDougal ◽  
Abhishek Singh ◽  
Kaushalendra Kumar ◽  
Nabamallika Dehingia ◽  
Aluisio J. D. Barros ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Family Health ◽  
Relative Risk Ratio ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Adjusted Relative Risk ◽  
Multinomial Regression ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Current Employment Status ◽  
The Relationship

While the health-related benefits of contraceptive use for women are well documented, potential social benefits, including enabling women’s employment, have not been well researched. We examine the relationship between contraceptive use and women’s employment in India, a country where both factors have remained relatively static over the past ten years. We use data from India’s 2015–16 National Family Health Survey to test the association between current contraceptive use (none, sterilization, IUD, condom, pill, rhythm method or withdrawal) and current employment status (none, professional, clerical or sales, agricultural, services or production) with multivariable, multinomial regression; variable selection was guided by a directed acyclic graph. More than three-quarters of women in this sample were currently using contraception; sterilization was most common. Women who were sterilized or chose traditional contraception, relative to those not using contraception, were more likely to be employed in the agricultural and production sectors, versus not being employed (sterilization adjusted relative risk ratio [aRRR] = 1.5, p<0.001 for both agricultural and production sectors; rhythm aRRR = 1.5, p = 0.01 for agriculture; withdrawal aRRR = 1.5, p = 0.02 for production). In contrast, women with IUDs, compared to those who not using contraception, were more likely to be employed in the professional sector versus not being employed (aRRR = 1.9, p = 0.01). The associations between current contraceptive use and employment were heterogeneous across methods and sectors, though in no case was contraceptive use significantly associated with lower relative probabilities of employment. Policies designed to support women’s access to contraception should consider the sector-specific employment of the populations they target.

scholarly journals SECTORAL CHANGES AND THE INCREASE IN WOMEN'S LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahşan Akbulut
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
The United States ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Home Production ◽  
Women's Labor ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Sectoral Productivity ◽  
Women's Labor Force Participation ◽  
Two Sectors

Throughout the second half of the 20th century, women in the United States decided to move increasingly into the labor market. This paper investigates the growth of the service sector as an explanation for the increase in women's employment. It develops an economic model that can account for the increase in women's employment and the growth of the service sector at the same time. A growth model with two sectors and a home production technology is constructed in order to quantitatively assess the contribution of sectoral productivity differences to the change in women's employment decision. The sectoral productivities are taken from the data. This model demonstrates that a higher rate of productivity growth in market services compared to home services can account for a large fraction of the observed increase in women's labor supply from 1950 to 2005.

Female Labour Supply in Tamil Nadu: Some Questions

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-89
Author(s):  
S. Sundari
Keyword(s):  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Work Participation ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Female Literacy ◽  
Female Work Participation

In this article, an attempt is made to study the trends and patterns of female work participation in Tamil Nadu across districts and examine the effect of structural transformation in the economy on women’s employment in the decade 2001–2011. There is a wide variation in the female work participation rate in the state. It is higher in agro-based, poor and most backward districts and is low in urbanized and industrialized districts as well as in districts with higher levels of per capita income, female literacy and unemployment. The analysis here shows that structural changes in the economy have not resulted in any dramatic change in the quality and quantity of women’s employment. Further, the casual labour segment has been expanding in rural Tamil Nadu with reductions in self-employment.

scholarly journals Actual challenges of labor market and their gender implications for employment

POPULATION ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-148
Author(s):  
Zoya A. Khotkina
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Gender Segregation ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Main Research ◽  
The Government ◽  
Employment Of Women ◽  
The Impact

The main research issues discussed in the article concern the impact of technological and epidemiological challenges on the employment of women and men, as well as the reasons for their asymmetric impact on employees depending on gender. The choice of these two challenges is determined, on the one hand, by their relevance, and on the other, by the fact that, although they are fundamentally different in both character and duration of their impact on the labor market, the consequences of their impact on women’s employment are the same and in both cases lead to job losses. The article shows that the same consequences for women’s employment from such different challenges are not accidental. This is due to the fact that the causes and risk factors of priority job loss for women as a result of the technological and epidemiological challenges are identical, since they are based on gender segregation of employment in the labor market, which divides jobs and entire industries into «male» and «female». In the technological challenge, the reason for the priority and more widespread loss of jobs by women is due to the fact that they are more often than men engaged in routine work in which is a large proportion of repetitive operations that are easy to automate and delegate to robots or artificial intelligence (AI). During the epidemiological challenge, more “female” than “male” jobs fell into the risk zone of unemployment, because as a result of self-isolation most enterprises and organizations in the service sphere, such as shopping centers, hairdressers and beauty salons, hotels and boarding houses, museums and libraries were closed, as well as airports and travel agencies — and all these enterprises employed mainly women. On account of the high risk of unemployment, these activities were included in the “List of economy sectors most affected by coronavirus” developed by the Government to provide priority targeted support. However, according to the information from the Ministry of Finance, less than a fifth of the service sector organizations and individual entrepreneurs will be able to receive this assistance, and therefore it is unlikely to avoid an increase in female unemployment.

Economic Exchange or Gender Identities? Housework Division and Wives’ Economic Dependency in Different Contexts

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hadas Mandel ◽  
Amit Lazarus ◽  
Maayan Shaby
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Economic Exchange ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Division Of Housework ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This paper explores cross-country variation in the relationship between division of housework and wives’ relative economic contribution. Using ISSP 2012 data from 19 countries, we examined the effect of two contextual factors: women’s employment rates, which we link to economic exchange theories; and gender ideology context, which we link to cultural theories. In line with economic-based theories, economic exchange between housework and paid work occurs in all countries—but only in households which follow normative gender roles. However, and consistent with the cultural-based theory of ‘doing gender’, wives undertake more housework than their spouses in all countries—even if they are the main or sole breadwinners. This universal gendered division of housework is significantly more salient in more conservative countries; as the context turns more conservative, the gender gap becomes more pronounced, and the relationship between paid and unpaid work further removed from the economic logic. In gender egalitarian societies, in contrast, women have more power in negotiating housework responsibilities in non-normative gender role households. In contrast to gender ideology, the cross-country variations in women’s employment did not follow the expectations that derive from the economic exchange theory.

scholarly journals Employment Empowering Women: An Experience of Nepal

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 116-134
Author(s):  
Bandana Kumari Jain
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Wife Beating ◽  
Women's Employment ◽  
Women’S Employment ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Household Decision ◽  
Household Decision Making ◽  
The Relationship

The study aims to examine the association between employment and the empowerment of Nepali currently married women. It harnesses women’s employment status and their empowerment; in terms of ‘household decision making’, ‘attitudes towards wife-beating’, and ownership of the house/land’ with the help of the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2016 data set. Married women’s employment exhibits a significant association (0.05) with their socio-demographic characteristics, and empowerment variables as well. The employment status of married women influences their household decision-making, and attitudes towards wife-beating. The study adheres to the belief that employment accelerates women’s empowerment, still, it is complex to determine the strength of the relationship in between. Thus, based on the findings of the study, other variables and empowerment indicators are to be considered and analyzed further for concrete insights. So, employment cannot be assumed as a mere engine and an only instrument for empowering women.

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