The association of timing of retirement with cognitive performance in old age: the role of leisure activities after retirement

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1659-1669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Ihle ◽  
Catherine Grotz ◽  
Stéphane Adam ◽  
Michel Oris ◽  
Delphine Fagot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Test Part ◽  
Trail Making

ABSTRACTBackground:The role of timing of retirement on cognitive functioning in old age is inconclusive so far. Therefore, the present study set out to investigate the association of timing of retirement with cognitive performance and its interplay with key correlates of cognitive reserve in a large sample of older adults.Methods:Two thousand two hundred and sixty three older adults served as sample for the present study. Different psychometric tests (Trail Making Test part A (TMT A), Trail Making Test part B (TMT B), Mill Hill) were administered. In addition, individuals were interviewed on their retirement, occupation, educational attainment, and regarding 18 leisure activities that have been carried out after retirement.Results:Earlier retirement (compared to retirement at legal age) was significantly associated with better performance in the TMT A, the TMT B, and the Mill Hill vocabulary test. Moderation analyses showed that in individuals with a moderate number of leisure activities in old age, earlier retirement was related to better cognitive performance, but not in those with a relatively large number of leisure activities. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that entering leisure activities as additional predictor significantly increased explained variance in the cognitive measures over and above all other investigated markers of cognitive reserve (i.e. occupation and education).Conclusions:Present data further corroborate the view that leisure activities even in old age may lead to further enrichment effects and thereby may be related to better cognitive functioning. The role of engaging in activities in the context of major life events such as retirement is discussed.

scholarly journals A-166 The Role of Apathy on Executive Functioning After Stroke

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (6) ◽  
pp. 960-960
Author(s):  
Lopez A ◽  
Lopez Palacios D ◽  
Quintana A ◽  
Gibson D ◽  
Arguelles-Borge S
Keyword(s):  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Test Part ◽  
Trail Making

Abstract Objective This study examined the role of apathy on performance of an executive functioning task. Method The data for this study was derived from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center’s Uniform Data Set containing neuropsychological information for stroke patients (n = 317) who completed the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Questionnaire (NPI-Q) and the Trail Making Test (Part B). The sample was divided into two groups. One which endorsed feelings of apathy in the last month (n = 102; mean age = 84,SD = 8.33) and a second group which denied feelings of apathy within the last month (n = 215; mean age = 86, SD = 8.02). Results After controlling for depression [as measured by the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)], age, gender, and motor impairment, the results of an ANCOVA showed that those who reported apathy performed significantly slower on the Trail Making Test—Part B than those who did not report it [F(1,312 = 6.01, p = .02]. Conclusions It has previously been found that cognitive performance can be impacted by depression on stroke patients. However, recently, it has been identified that apathy specifically, can have an effect on cognitive domains such as verbal learning, short-term, and long-term memory. The present study further supports that apathy may play a role in overall cognitive performance. Therefore, even if patients do not meet criteria for depression, the presence of apathy should still be taken into account. Future research should examine other possible contributing factors such as processing speed should be taken into account as they could be affecting the scores. Finally, researchers should utilize additional measures of executive functioning as only one was available for this study.

scholarly journals The relation of close friends to cognitive performance in old age: the mediating role of leisure activities

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1753-1758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Ihle ◽  
Michel Oris ◽  
Marie Baeriswyl ◽  
Matthias Kliegel
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Leisure Activity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Activity Engagement ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
The One

ABSTRACTBackground:From a conceptual point of view, close friends are an important resource for promoting activity engagement in old age. Leisure activity engagement in turn is a key predictor of cognitive performance. Empirically, it remains unclear so far whether leisure activity engagement mediates between having close friends on the one hand and cognitive performance on the other, which we investigated in a large sample of older adults.Methods:We assessed cognitive performance (Mill Hill vocabulary scale and Trail Making Test (TMT) parts A and B) in 2,812 older adults. Participants reported information on leisure activity engagement and close friends.Results:A larger number of leisure activities and a larger number of close friends were significantly related to better cognitive performance in the Mill Hill vocabulary scale and TMT parts A and B. A larger number of close friends were significantly related to a larger number of leisure activities. The number of leisure activities mediated more than half of the relation of the number of close friends to performance in all three cognitive measures.Conclusions:Having close friends may be helpful to stimulate and promote activity participation in old age. By enhancing individuals’ cognitive reserve, this may finally preserve their cognitive performance level in old age.

Cognitive Reserve and Social Capital Accrued in Early and Midlife Moderate the Relation of Psychological Stress to Cognitive Performance in Old Age

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 190-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Ihle ◽  
Michel Oris ◽  
Julia Sauter ◽  
Ulrike Rimmele ◽  
Matthias Kliegel
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Social Capital ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Cognitive Level ◽  
Verbal Abilities

Aims: The present study set out to investigate the relation of psychological stress to cognitive performance and its interplay with key life course markers of cognitive reserve and social capital in a large sample of older adults. Methods: We assessed cognitive performance (verbal abilities and processing speed) and psychological stress in 2,812 older adults. The Participants reported information on education, occupation, leisure activities, family, and close friends. Results: Greater psychological stress was significantly related to lower performance in verbal abilities and processing speed. Moderation analyses suggested that the relations of psychological stress to cognitive performance were reduced in individuals with higher education, a higher cognitive level of the first profession practiced after education, a larger number of midlife leisure activities, a larger number of significant family members, and a larger number of close friends. Conclusion: Cognitive reserve and social capital accrued in early and midlife may reduce the detrimental influences of psychological stress on cognitive functioning in old age.

scholarly journals Solving the Puzzle of Cognitive Reserve Effects on Cognitive Decline: The Importance of Considering Functional Impairment

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Andreas Ihle ◽  
Élvio R. Gouveia ◽  
Bruna R. Gouveia ◽  
Dan Orsholits ◽  
Michel Oris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cognitive Functioning ◽  
Functional Impairment ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Completion Time ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Trail Making

<b><i>Aims:</i></b> We investigated whether the longitudinal relation between cognitive reserve accumulated across the lifespan and rate of cognitive decline over 6 years differed by the individual’s degree of functional impairment. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We analyzed longitudinal data from 897 older adults (<i>M</i> = 74.33 years) tested on the Trail Making Test (TMT) in 2 waves 6 years apart. <b><i>Results:</i></b> There was a significant interaction of functional impairment with cognitive reserve on latent change in cognitive functioning. Specifically, with no functional impairment in the first wave of assessment, greater cognitive reserve accumulated across the lifespan significantly predicted a reduced cognitive decline over 6 years (i.e., smaller increase in TMT completion time). In contrast, with certain functional impairment (in at least some activities) in the first wave, greater cognitive reserve build-up predicted a steeper cognitive decline (i.e., larger increase in TMT completion time). <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Individuals with greater cognitive reserve accumulated across the lifespan show a reduced cognitive decline if they still have relatively little functional impairment, while they will show a steeper decline (compared to individuals with less cognitive reserve) as soon as functional impairment becomes substantial.

scholarly journals Motivation as a Mediator of the Relation Between Cognitive Reserve and Cognitive Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 1199-1205
Author(s):  
Fanny Vallet ◽  
Nathalie Mella ◽  
Andreas Ihle ◽  
Marine Beaudoin ◽  
Delphine Fagot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Life Span ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Aging ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Global Measure ◽  
Interindividual Differences

Abstract Objectives Interindividual differences in cognitive aging may be explained by differences in cognitive reserve (CR) that are built up across the life span. A plausible but underresearched mechanism for these differences is that CR helps compensating cognitive decline by enhancing motivation to cope with challenging cognitive situations. Theories of motivation on cognition suggest that perceived capacity and intrinsic motivation may be key mediators in this respect. Method In 506 older adults, we assessed CR proxies (education, occupation, leisure activities), motivation (perceived capacity, intrinsic motivation), and a global measure of cognitive functioning. Results Perceived capacity, but not intrinsic motivation, significantly mediated the relation between CR and cognitive performance. Discussion Complementary with neurobiological and cognitive processes, our results suggest a more comprehensive view of the role of motivational aspects built up across the life span in determining differences in cognitive performance in old age.

scholarly journals S47. A MULTICENTER STUDY OF COGNITIVE RESERVE IN FIRST-EPISODE PYCHOSIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S50-S50
Author(s):  
Silvia Amoretti ◽  
Gerard Anmella ◽  
Ana Meseguer ◽  
Cristina Saiz ◽  
Sonia Canals ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Executive Function ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
First Episode ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Adult Intelligence Scale ◽  
Trail Making

Abstract Background The cognitive reserve (CR) refers to the brain’s capacity to cope with pathology in order to minimize the symptoms. In the field of first episode psychosis (FEP), the CR was able to predict functional and neurocognitive performance. Nevertheless, CR has been estimated using heterogeneous methods, which, in term, difficult to compare studies. Therefore, there is a need to create a specific scale for the assessment of this relevant construct. The Cognitive Reserve Assessment Scale in Health (CRASH) is the first measure developed specifically for patients with severe mental illness with optimal psychometric properties, facilitating reliable and valid measurement of CR. The study of the internal structure of the CRASH determined a four-factor structure (Education, Occupation, Leisure activities and Sociability) that can be analyzed separately to know what kind of relationship they might have with other variables. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of CR measured with CRASH scale on functioning and neurocognitive performance and to explore the relationship of each factor with the outcome in an adult sample of subjects with FEP. Methods The sample of this study came from a multicentre, naturalistic and longitudinal research project financed by a catalan grant (“Pla Estratègic de Recerca i Innovació en Salut” - PERIS 2016–2018). Expedient Nº: SLT006/17/00345; entitled “Identificación y caracterización del valor predictivo de la reserva cognitiva en el curso evolutivo y respuesta en terapéutica en personas con un primer episodio psicótico”. 23 FEP patients and 72 healthy control (HC) were enrolled. The premorbid IQ was estimated with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV) vocabulary subtest. To assess processing speed, Trail Making Test-part A was used. Sustained attention was tested with the Continuous Performance Test–II. The working memory was assessed with the Letters and Numbers Subtest of the WAIS-IV. Finally, the executive functions tested set shifting, planning and cognitive flexibility using the Tower of London task and the Trail Making Test (TMT) part B. Results Significant differences between the total CRASH score of patients and HC groups have been found. The patient group obtained lower scores compared to the HC group (36.66±16.01 vs 49.83±11.08, p&lt;0.001). After performing a logistic regression to assess the predictive power of CRASH for each group, the model correctly classified 83.2% of the cases (B=0.091; p&lt;0.001; Exp(B)=1.095). In FEP patients, the CRASH score was associated with premorbid IQ (p&lt;0.001), processing speed (p=0.005), executive function (TMT-B, p=0.005; London Tower task, p=0.039) and attention (CPT Hit SE ISI change, p=0.004). Specifically, the Education factor was associated with premorbid IQ, processing speed, working memory and executive function. The Occupation was only associated with executive function. Leisure activities factor was correlated with premorbid IQ and functioning. Finally, Sociability was correlated with psychosocial functioning and duration of untreated psychosis. In HC, CRASH was associated with premorbid IQ (p&lt;0.001) and attention (p=0.015). Education and Occupation factors were associated with premorbid IQ and attention; Leisure activities with processing speed; and sociability with attention. Discussion FEP patients were shown to have lower CR than HC, and CRASH correctly classified 83.2% of the sample. Each CRASH factor was associated with different outcome, which is why it can be interesting to analyze the total CRASH score and each factor separately. Patients with higher CR showed a better cognitive performance. Therefore, enhancing each factor involved in cognitive reserve may improve outcomes in FEP.

The Association of Leisure Activities in Middle Adulthood with Cognitive Performance in Old Age: The Moderating Role of Educational Level

Gerontology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (6) ◽  
pp. 543-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Ihle ◽  
Michel Oris ◽  
Delphine Fagot ◽  
Marie Baeriswyl ◽  
Eduardo Guichard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Middle Adulthood ◽  
Moderating Role

The relation of education, occupation, and cognitive activity to cognitive status in old age: the role of physical frailty

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1469-1474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Ihle ◽  
Élvio R. Gouveia ◽  
Bruna R. Gouveia ◽  
Duarte L. Freitas ◽  
Jefferson Jurema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Grip Strength ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
Leisure Activity ◽  
Cognitive Status ◽  
Cognitive Level ◽  
Physical Frailty

ABSTRACTBackground:It remains unclear so far whether the role of cognitive reserve may differ between physically frail compared to less frail individuals. Therefore, the present study set out to investigate the relation of key markers of cognitive reserve to cognitive status in old age and its interplay with physical frailty in a large sample of older adults.Methods:We assessed Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) in 701 older adults. We measured grip strength as indicator of physical frailty and interviewed individuals on their education, past occupation, and cognitive leisure activity.Results:Greater grip strength, longer education, higher cognitive level of job, and greater engaging in cognitive leisure activity were significantly related to higher MMSE scores. Moderation analyses showed that the relations of education, cognitive level of job, and cognitive leisure activity to MMSE scores were significantly larger in individuals with lower, compared to those with greater grip strength.Conclusions:Cognitive status in old age may more strongly depend on cognitive reserve accumulated during the life course in physically frail (compared to less frail) older adults. These findings may be explained by cross-domain compensation effects in vulnerable individuals.

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