Question-and-Answer Forum

AbstractSchizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with persistent symptomatology, severe functional disability, and residual morbidity characteristic of neurodegenerative brain diseases. The illness begins with genetic susceptibility and generally expresses itself after puberty through subtle changes that begin during the prodromal stage. Symptoms get progressively worse and tend to become more resistant to treatment with each relapse. Evidence for a neuroprotective effect of some forms of early treatment is beginning to emerge. While the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain, atypical antipsychotics may counteract some of the progressive deteriorative effects by enhancing synaptic plasticity and cellular resilience. However, identifying and treating patients in the earliest disease states presents methodological challenges as there is no consensus on the best methods of intervention and differences in at-risk children are not readily detectable or substantial enough to predict which ones will develop schizophrenia.In this expert roundtable supplement, Jeffrey A. Lieberman, MD, reviews the historical context of progressive deterioration in schizophrenia. Next, Diana O. Perkins, MD, MPH, reviews some of the challenges to early identification of illness as well as the impact of early versus delayed treatment. Finally, L. Fredrik Jarskog, MD, focuses on the neurobiology of functional progression in schizophrenia as well as pharmacology and the potential for neuroprotection.

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Neurobiology and Functional Progression in Schizophrenia

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s109285290002592x ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 12 (S4) ◽

pp. 9-12

Author(s):

L. Fredrik Jarskog

Keyword(s):

Functional Disability ◽

Neuroprotective Effect ◽

Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽

Historical Context ◽

Brain Diseases ◽

Delayed Treatment ◽

Disease States ◽

At Risk Children ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

The Impact

AbstractSchizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with persistent symptomatology, severe functional disability, and residual morbidity characteristic of neurodegenerative brain diseases. The illness begins with genetic susceptibility and generally expresses itself after puberty through subtle changes that begin during the prodromal stage. Symptoms get progressively worse and tend to become more resistant to treatment with each relapse. Evidence for a neuroprotective effect of some forms of early treatment is beginning to emerge. While the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain, atypical antipsychotics may counteract some of the progressive deteriorative effects by enhancing synaptic plasticity and cellular resilience. However, identifying and treating patients in the earliest disease states presents methodological challenges as there is no consensus on the best methods of intervention and differences in at-risk children are not readily detectable or substantial enough to predict which ones will develop schizophrenia.In this expert roundtable supplement, Jeffrey A. Lieberman, MD, reviews the historical context of progressive deterioration in schizophrenia. Next, Diana O. Perkins, MD, MPH, reviews some of the challenges to early identification of illness as well as the impact of early versus delayed treatment. Finally, L. Fredrik Jarskog, MD, focuses on the neurobiology of functional progression in schizophrenia as well as pharmacology and the potential for neuroprotection.

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Early Identification and Treatment of Schizophrenia

CNS Spectrums ◽

10.1017/s1092852900025918 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 12 (S4) ◽

pp. 5-8

Author(s):

Diana O. Perkins

Keyword(s):

Early Identification ◽

Functional Disability ◽

Neuroprotective Effect ◽

Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽

Historical Context ◽

Brain Diseases ◽

Delayed Treatment ◽

Disease States ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

The Impact

AbstractSchizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with persistent symptomatology, severe functional disability, and residual morbidity characteristic of neurodegenerative brain diseases. The illness begins with genetic susceptibility and generally expresses itself after puberty through subtle changes that begin during the prodromal stage. Symptoms get progressively worse and tend to become more resistant to treatment with each relapse. Evidence for a neuroprotective effect of some forms of early treatment is beginning to emerge. While the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain, atypical antipsychotics may counteract some of the progressive deteriorative effects by enhancing synaptic plasticity and cellular resilience. However, identifying and treating patients in the earliest disease states presents methodological challenges as there is no consensus on the best methods of intervention and differences in at-risk children are not readily detectable or substantial enough to predict which ones will develop schizophrenia.In this expert roundtable supplement, Jeffrey A. Lieberman, MD, reviews the historical context of progressive deterioration in schizophrenia. Next, Diana O. Perkins, MD, MPH, reviews some of the challenges to early identification of illness as well as the impact of early versus delayed treatment. Finally, L. Fredrik Jarskog, MD, focuses on the neurobiology of functional progression in schizophrenia as well as pharmacology and the potential for neuroprotection.

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The Neuroprotective Effect of Hericium erinaceus Extracts in Mouse Hippocampus after Pilocarpine-Induced Status Epilepticus

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20040859 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (4) ◽

pp. 859 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Hyun-Jong Jang ◽

Ji-Eun Kim ◽

Kyoung Jeong ◽

Sung Lim ◽

Seong Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Status Epilepticus ◽

Neuronal Death ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Neuroprotective Effect ◽

Brain Diseases ◽

Cresyl Violet ◽

Neuroprotective Effects ◽

Hericium Erinaceus ◽

Neuronal Nuclei ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

Hericium erinaceus (HE), a culinary-medicinal mushroom, has shown therapeutic potential in many brain diseases. However, the role of HE in status epilepticus (SE)-mediated neuronal death and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated the neuroprotective effects of HE using a pilocarpine-induced SE model. Male C57BL/6 mice received crude extracts of HE (60 mg/kg, 120 mg/kg, or 300 mg/kg, p.o.) for 21 d from 14 d before SE to 6 d after SE. At 7 d after SE, cresyl violet and immunohistochemistry of neuronal nuclei revealed improved hippocampal neuronal survival in animals treated with 60 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg of HE, whereas those treated with 300 mg/kg of HE showed similar neuronal death to that of vehicle-treated controls. While seizure-induced reactive gliosis, assessed by immunohistochemistry, was not altered by HE, the number of hippocampal cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2)-expressing cells was significantly reduced by 60 and 120 mg/kg of HE. Triple immunohistochemistry demonstrated no overlap of COX2 labeling with Ox42, in addition to a decrease in COX2/GFAP-co-immunoreactivity in the group treated with 60 mg/kg HE, suggesting that the reduction of COX2 by HE promotes neuroprotection after SE. Our findings highlight the potential application of HE for preventing neuronal death after seizures.

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Considering Circadian Pattern of Blood Pressure in the Treatment of Hypertension via Chronotherapy: A Conducive or Maladroit Approach

Current Drug Targets ◽

10.2174/1389450120666190527114529 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (12) ◽

pp. 1244-1254

Author(s):

Rina Das ◽

Dinesh Kumar Mehta

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Hormone Secretion ◽

Circadian Pattern ◽

Disease States ◽

Therapeutic Outcomes ◽

Treatment Of Hypertension ◽

Health And Disease ◽

Night And Day ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

The Impact

Medical chronobiology deals with the way body’s rhythm influences a person’s health and disease states. To match body rhythms, deliberate alteration of drug concentration is done to optimize therapeutic outcomes and minimize size effects and this approach is known as Chronotherapeutics. In general the concept of homeostasis has been the base for the treatment of diseases. Little importance has been given in understanding biologic rhythms and their underlying mechanisms. Designing of cardiovascular drug is done to achieve a constant or near-constant effect throughout the 24-hour with the prescribed dose. However in many cases, medication requirement during night and day time are not the same. Body rhythms may have profound effect on the treatment outcomes. It is a wrongful approach to assume that a drug dosed in the morning or evening will have the same antihypertensive effect. The vast literature record of circadian variations in Blood Pressure (BP), heart rate, hormone secretion, and platelet aggregation are examples of the impact of chronobiology. In this study we analyze the effect of circadian pattern of blood pressure on action of various antihypertensives and investigate the perspective of chronotherapeutics- whether it is a fruitful approach and rationalize its utility in the treatment of hypertension.

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Asymmetrical Attribution of Performance in China

Asian Survey ◽

10.1525/as.2020.60.5.978 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 60 (5) ◽

pp. 978-1003

Author(s):

Jacqueline Chen Chen ◽

Jun Xiang

Keyword(s):

Economic Development ◽

Local Governments ◽

Central Government ◽

Cultural Theory ◽

Political Trust ◽

Mediation Model ◽

Multilevel Mediation ◽

Dual Pathway ◽

Underlying Mechanisms ◽

The Impact

Existing studies of the impact of economic development on political trust in China have two major gaps: they fail to explain how economic development contributes to the hierarchical trust pattern, and they do not pay enough attention to the underlying mechanisms. In light of cultural theory and political control theory, we propose adapting performance theory into a theory of “asymmetrical attribution of performance” to better illuminate the case of China. This adapted theory leads to dual pathway theses: expectation fulfillment and local blaming. Using a multilevel mediation model, we show that expectation fulfillment mainly upholds trust in the central government, whereas local blaming undermines trust in local governments. We also uncover a rural–urban distinction in the dual pathway, revealing that both theses are more salient among rural Chinese.

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Islam, Economic Rationalism, and Accounting

American Journal of Islam and Society ◽

10.35632/ajis.v18i2.2022 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 61-93

Author(s):

Roger Willett ◽

Maliah Sulaiman

Keyword(s):

Historical Context ◽

The West ◽

Accounting Standard ◽

Policy Issues ◽

Belief Structure ◽

Belief Structures ◽

Western Values ◽

Islamic Faith ◽

The Impact

This paper discusses the impact of western accounting technologies on belief structures such as those of the Islamic faith. It assesses a theory of accounting reporting originally proposed by Baydoun and Willett (1994). It goes on to consider the nature and origins of western materialist philosophy and contrasts the belief structure of Islam with the West. The paper also ex.amines the historical context in which western values became adopted in Muslim societies and discusses the policy issues that confront Islamic accounting standard setters.

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Impact of the 2020 crises on the arts and culture in the United States: The effect of COVID-19 and the Black Lives Matter movement in historical context

International Journal of Cultural Property ◽

10.1017/s0940739120000326 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (4) ◽

pp. 449-465

Author(s):

Stanley N. Katz ◽

Leah Reisman

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Historical Context ◽

The United States ◽

Cultural Organizations ◽

Black Lives Matter ◽

The Arts ◽

Arts And Culture ◽

History Of ◽

Cultural Sector ◽

The Impact

AbstractThis article discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the Black Lives Matter movement on the arts and cultural sector in the United States, placing the 2020 crises in the context of the United States’s historically decentralized approach to supporting the arts and culture. After providing an overview of the United States’s private, locally focused history of arts funding, we use this historical lens to analyze the combined effects of the pandemic and Black Lives Matter movement on a single metropolitan area – Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. We trace a timeline of key events in the national and local pandemic response and the reaction of the arts community to the Black Lives Matter movement, arguing that the nature of these intersecting responses, and their fallout for the arts and cultural sector, stem directly from weaknesses in the United States’s historical approach to administering the arts. We suggest that, in the context of widespread organizational vulnerability caused by the pandemic, the United States’s decentralized approach to funding culture also undermines cultural organizations’ abilities to respond to issues of public relevance and demonstrate their civic value, threatening these organizations’ legitimacy.

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Edutocracy: A Model of the New West Indian Plantocracy in Barbados

SAGE Open ◽

10.1177/21582440211030278 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 215824402110302

Author(s):

Stacy L. Denny

Keyword(s):

Historical Context ◽

West Indian ◽

Indian Education ◽

Partial Explanation ◽

Entrance Exam ◽

New West ◽

Data Collection And Analysis ◽

Education Theory ◽

School Entrance ◽

The Impact

This work draws on a combination of three theories, dependency (economics theory), the inner plantation as a socio-psychological construct, and plantation pedagogy (education theory) to develop its own educational theory called edutocracy, as a partial explanation of the failure of the West Indian education system in Barbados. It employs document analysis as its primary method of data collection and analysis and culminates in the construction of a model of edutocracy. Edutocracy reveals how the current West Indian debate surrounding educational reform of the Secondary School Entrance Exam in Barbados and neighboring islands will, like most previous reforms, net little meaningful change if legislators and educators continue to negate the impact of the socio-historical context on education in this region, specifically the deleterious colonial ideologies which continue to shape education for the Afro-West Indian/Barbadian with the interests of the Euro-American metropole as paramount.

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Does Infection Site Matter? A Systematic Review of Infection Site Mortality in Sepsis

Journal of Intensive Care Medicine ◽

10.1177/0885066615627778 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 32 (8) ◽

pp. 473-479 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Christine A. Motzkus ◽

Roger Luckmann

Keyword(s):

Hospital Mortality ◽

Respiratory Infections ◽

Source Control ◽

Soft Tissue Infections ◽

Infection Site ◽

Treatment Protocols ◽

Disease States ◽

Pubmed Database ◽

The Impact ◽

Lower Mortality Risk

Purpose: Sepsis treatment protocols emphasize source control with empiric antibiotics and fluid resuscitation. Previous reviews have examined the impact of infection site and specific pathogens on mortality from sepsis; however, no recent review has addressed the infection site. This review focuses on the impact of infection site on hospital mortality among patients with sepsis. Methods: The PubMed database was searched for articles from 2001 to 2014. Studies were eligible if they included (1) one or more statistical models with hospital mortality as the outcome and considered infection site for inclusion in the model and (2) adult patients with sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock. Data abstracted included stage of sepsis, infection site, and raw and adjusted effect estimates. Nineteen studies were included. Infection sites most studied included respiratory (n = 19), abdominal (n = 19), genitourinary (n = 18), and skin and soft tissue infections (n = 11). Several studies found a statistically significant lower mortality risk for genitourinary infections on hospital mortality when compared to respiratory infections. Conclusion: Based on studies included in this review, the impact of infection site in patients with sepsis on hospital mortality could not be reliably estimated. Misclassification among infections and disease states remains a serious possibility in studies on this topic.

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