The increasing challenge of the possible impact of ethnicity on psychopharmacology

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Donatella Marazziti ◽  
Federico Mucci ◽  
Maria T. Avella ◽  
Laura Palagini ◽  
Marly Simoncini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Ethnic Differences ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Side Effect Profile ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics ◽  
Cultural Stereotypes ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Psychopharmacological Treatment

Abstract Ethnic differences may significantly influence the outcome of psychopharmacological treatment, in terms of prescription, adherence, clinical response, emergence of side effects, as well as pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. The purpose of this review was to explore the available literature in order to provide general suggestions to help clinicians in choosing the best therapeutic option for patients, taking into account ethnicity. Although findings are sometimes controversial, the overall published studies suggest that ethnicities other than Caucasians tend to show a lower response to antidepressants and a reduced compliance. Africans tend to be more prescribed with antipsychotics, probably due to cultural stereotypes, except with clozapine, probably for their chronic benign neutropenia. Asians usually require less antipsychotic dosages than Caucasians. The differential response and side effect profile of antidepressants and antipsychotics have been related to individual intrinsic factors, to genetic make-up, but also to cultural and contextual variables. Interestingly, albeit limited data suggest ethnic-related genetic heterogeneity at the level of the serotonin transporters, the cytochromes and some neuroreceptors. Taken together, no conclusive findings are available about the role and impact of ethnicity in psychopharmacology. One of the main problems is that the majority of the studies in psychopharmacology have been conducted on Caucasians, so that there is an urgent need to have data in other populations. Furthermore, in the era of precision medicine, the role of ethnicity may be also supported by genetic analysis.

Psychopharmacological Treatment Issues in HIV/AIDS Psychiatry

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly L. Cozza ◽  
Gary H. Wynn ◽  
Glenn W. Wortmann ◽  
Scott G. Williams ◽  
Rita Rein
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Antiretroviral Treatment ◽  
Team Member ◽  
Careful Monitoring ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics ◽  
Psychopharmacological Treatment ◽  
Hiv Aids

Attention to pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and an understanding of intended effects, side effects, toxicities, and drug interactions are imperative when treating persons with HIV/AIDS. This chapter includes an essential review of drug interaction principles and an overview of current antiretroviral treatment (ART) and known side effects, toxicities, and drug interactions, in text and table format. The chapter concludes with a presentation of psychotropic-antiretroviral treatment issues. Most psychotropics are effective in the treatment of persons with HIV, but some, particularly the pan-inducing antiepileptics, are best avoided or at least should be very carefully monitored. Recognizing the potential for drug–drug interactions allows for more careful monitoring and for consideration of alternative treatments or precautions. Being a pharmacologically knowledgeable multidisciplinary team member can reduce morbidity and mortality in patients. An understanding of antiretroviral therapy and psychopharmacological treatment issues prevents morbidity, supports adherence to medications, and improves quality of life for persons with HIV.

Benzodiazepine Side Effects: Role of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacology ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 205-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandros N. Vgontzas ◽  
Anthony Kales ◽  
Edward O. Bixler
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics

scholarly journals A review on five medicinal plants considering the therapeutic potentials in the management of COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahad Jubayer ◽  
Shahidullah Kayshar ◽  
Anisur Rahman Mazumder ◽  
Syeda Sabrina Akter
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Pharmacological Properties ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Control Options ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Working Mechanisms

The spread of pandemic coronavirus disease-2019 has become a health emergency worldwide. Since the unprecedented outbreak, attention has been raised worldwide to develop and research for control options and treatments. Although several clinical trials are ongoing, no registered drugs or vaccines are available yet. As situation warrants for the exploration of a successful antiviral, there should be a search for the remedies in nature also. Medicinal plants and their metabolites have long been used as a treatment option for various life-threatening diseases with minimal or no side effects. Thus this review aims to summarize previous outcomes concerning the role of medicinal plants in treating several life-threatening diseases. Above all, this work intends to find the constituents of five selected medicinal plants and their possible working mechanisms in the management of COVID-19. Constituents of the presented medicinal plants possess excellent pharmacological properties, including significant antiviral and antimicrobial potential. Based on the traditional uses, pharmacological properties, and previous studies, these medicinal plants mentioned in this review can be considered as a possible therapeutic option for the management and treatment of COVID-19. However, further extensive researches and trials are suggested to discover specific effects and dosage for this pathogenic outbreak.

A Reappraisal of the Role of Chlorambucil in Patients with End Stage Ovarian Cancer Who Have Previously been Treated with Platinum Regimens

2000 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.S. McCully ◽  
G.V. Narayansingh ◽  
G.P. Cumming ◽  
T.K. Sarkar ◽  
D.E. Parkin
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Platinum Based Chemotherapy ◽  
End Stage

The role of chlorambucil in end stage platinum resistant epithelial ovarian cancer was evaluated in women with end stage ovarian cancer. They had received platinum based chemotherapy and all other intravenous chemotherapeutic options had been exhausted. Over a 15 year period, 30 patients were identified. The median age was 64.5 years (range 45–81). The median number of chlorambucil pulses was 4 (range 1–16). The median survival following the introduction of chlorambucil was 5.5 months (range 0.72 – 38.8). The 22 patients who survived for longer than three months were significantly younger than those who did not (p= 0.03). Apart from two patients who developed transient myelosupression there were no toxic side effects. Chlorambucil should be considered as a therapeutic option in end stage ovarian cancer. It is has minimal toxicity, and can be prescribed safely for long term use. In younger women, an increase in benefit may be anticipated.

scholarly journals Rationale for naphazoline effects in-depth study

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33
Author(s):  
Borys Kuzminov ◽  
Vira Turkina ◽  
Yuriy Кuzminov
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
The Body ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Allergenic Potential ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Biological Substrates

AbstractThis article presents a retrospective review of data on side effects of drugs containing naphazoline and data on toxicity of the agent when entered the body via different pathways. Most publications on clinical signs of possible naphazoline-associated side effects are lacking thorough analysis of possible causes. Limited data on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the drug led to various complications after its administration. Therefore, further studies on naphazoline content dynamics or products of its biotransformation in biological substrates and determination of half-life of the agent must be conducted. This will allow establishingsafe levels for different exposure pathways and harmful levels of the naphazoline with respect to its material accumulation. It should be noted that scientific publications contain controversial data regarding allergenic potential of the agent. Possible side effects of the drug on the reproductionand development are not revealed. Determination of effects the products containing naphazoline may have on immune and reproductive system is an important part of the research.

scholarly journals Opioid-induced gastrointestinal side effects, the role of naldemedine in their therapy

Ból ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-58
Author(s):  
Jarosław Woroń ◽  
Jerzy Wordliczek
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Opioid Analgesics ◽  
Gastrointestinal Disorders ◽  
Pharmacodynamic Profile ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Gastrointestinal Side Effects ◽  
Effective Drugs

Although opioid analgesics are highly effective in the treatment of pain, one of the main disadvantages of their use is their negative effect on the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract. Opioid-induced side effects include a variety of symptoms known as opioid gastrointestinal disorders (OIBD). One of the effective drugs used in OIBD is naldemedine, which, due to its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile and safety profile, is currently the optimal therapeutic option.

Man am I Stoned, I think! The role of experience and side effects in the perception of drug effects

1972 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cornelis Bakker ◽  
Albert S. Carlin ◽  
Robert Heaton ◽  
Reese T. Jones ◽  
Theodore X. Barber
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Drug Effects

Von Willebrand disease and Weibel-Palade bodies

2010 ◽  
Vol 30 (03) ◽  
pp. 150-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Wang ◽  
J. Eikenboom
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Adhesion ◽  
Coagulation Factor ◽  
Von Willebrand Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Storage Organelle ◽  
And Function ◽  
Von Willebrand ◽  
Willebrand Factor

SummaryVon Willebrand factor (VWF) is a pivotal haemostatic protein mediating platelet adhesion to injured endothelium and carrying coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) in the circulation to protect it from premature clearance. Apart from the roles in haemostasis, VWF drives the formation of the endothelial cell specific Weibel-Palade bodies (WPBs), which serve as a regulated storage of VWF and other thrombotic and inflammatory factors. Defects in VWF could lead to the bleeding disorder von Willebrand disease (VWD).Extensive studies have shown that several mutations identified in VWD patients cause an intracellular retention of VWF. However, the effects of such mutations on the formation and function of its storage organelle are largely unknown. This review gives an overview on the role of VWF in WPB biogenesis and summarizes the limited data on the WPBs formed by VWD-causing mutant VWF.

Efficacy and safety of oral dapsone in acne vulgaris – experience of a tertiary care teaching hospital in central Lahore

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-90
Author(s):  
Sadaf Amin Chaudhry ◽  
Nadia Ali Zafar ◽  
Rabia Hayat ◽  
Ayesha Noreen ◽  
Gulnaz Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Option ◽  
Acne Vulgaris ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Poor Response ◽  
Global Assessment Scale ◽  
Severe Acne ◽  
Hematologic Profile

Background: Acne is the eighth most prevalent disease affecting 9.4% of the population worldwide and its prevalence in our country is estimated to be around 5%. Severe inflammatory acne is most likely to leave scars and in order to prevent facial disfigurement due to acne scarring, early treatment is desirable. Various treatment options have been formulated for acne, and are tailored according to the severity of the disease. Numerous clinical trials have been conducted till now, to determine the usefulness and side effect profile of such therapies, making acne treatment a highly studied area in dermatology. Objective of this study is to highlight the fact that oral Dapsone could be used as a cheaper alternate to isotretinoin in recalcitrant severe acne, especially in females where retinoids are sometimes contraindicated. Patients and methods: 51 patients, suffering from severe nodulocystic acne, fulfilling the criteria, were enrolled from the Department of Dermatology, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore. All the study patients were given oral Dapsone 50mg for initial two weeks and then 100mg daily for the next 10 weeks along with oral cimetidine and topical clindamycin application twice daily. Investigator Global Assessment Scale (IGAS) was employed to measure effectiveness. The treatment was considered ʽeffectiveʹ if the patient achieves 2 or more than 2-grade improvement or almost clear or clear skin at the end of 12 weeks according to IGAS scale. The lesion counts were also done before the start of therapy (day 1) and at every two weeks follow up for 12 weeks. The change in lesion count observed between the baseline number and that seen at follow up visits was also used to evaluate the effectiveness of oral Dapsone. Safety was analyzed by fortnightly visits of the patients to look for any undesirable side effects and monitoring of the hematologic profile of the patients. Final follow up was done at the end of 16 weeks. Results: The study was conducted on 51 patients, with a ratio of 1:3 for males and females and a mean age of 25.2 years (SD ±5.81). At 12th week, patients had significant reduction in their acne lesions; with 7 patients (13.7%) showing completely clear skin, 17 patients (33.3%) had almost clear skin, 5 patients (9.8%) had 3-grade improvement. Twelve patients (23.5%) had 2-grade improvement from baseline score and only 2 patients (3.9%) had 1-grade improvement from baseline. Based on percentage reduction of lesions, excellent response was seen in 32 patients (62.7%), good response in 9 patients (17.6%), moderate response in 2 patients (3.9%), while no patient showed poor response. Dapsone was discontinued in 8 patients due to derangement of hematologic profile. Conclusion: Oral Dapsone, when given carefully, is a very effective therapeutic option in severe recalcitrant acne, with limited side effects.

Chemistry, Analysis, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics Aspects of Lorcaserin, a Selective Serotonin 5-HT2C Receptor Agonist: An Update

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 768-778
Author(s):  
Sanjay Sharma ◽  
Komal S. Aware ◽  
Ketan Hatware ◽  
Kiran Patil
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Receptor Agonist ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Mass Spectrometric ◽  
Selective Serotonin ◽  
Pharmacokinetics And Pharmacodynamics ◽  
Step Method ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Tissue Matrix ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic

This review refers to the all-inclusive details of Lorcaserin Hydrochloride on comprehensive information about the synthesis, analytical methods, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions and adverse effects. Lorcaserin Hydrochloride is chemically (R)-8-Chloro-1-methyl-2,3,4,5- tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrochloride. Lorcaserin HCl is a novel, synthetic, centrally-acting selective serotonin C (5-HT2c) receptor, l agonist, which results in increased satiety and decreased food consumption in patients. Headache, dizziness and nausea are the most common side effects associated with this drug. Lorcaserin HCl has two major metabolites, one conjugated with glucuronide called N-carbamoyl glucuronide which is excreted in urine and the second Lorcaserin N-sulfamate, which is circulated in the blood. Lorcaserin HCl is synthesized using four different schemes of which a six-step method that resulted in 92.3% yield with 99.8% of purity is employed for scale-up production. It is analyzed quantitatively in the plasma and brain tissue matrix of rats by Ultra Performance Liquid chromatographic (UPLC) method using MS-MS (Mass Spectrometric) detection.

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