Using classification and regression tree modeling to investigate appetite hormones and proinflammatory cytokines as biomarkers to differentiate bipolar I depression from major depressive disorder

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Kai-Lin Huang ◽  
Mu-Hong Chen ◽  
Ju-Wei Hsu ◽  
Shih-Jen Tsai ◽  
Ya-Mei Bai
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Area Under Curve ◽  
Regression Tree ◽  
Classification And Regression Tree ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Classification And Regression ◽  
Depressive Episodes

Abstract Background Altered immunity and metabolic profiles have been compared between bipolar depression (BD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). This study aimed at developing a composite predictor of appetite hormones and proinflammatory cytokines to differentiate BD from MDD. Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled patients with BD and those with MDD aged 20 to 59 years and displaying depressive episodes. Clinical characteristics (age, sex, body mass index, and depression severity), cytokines (C-reactive protein, interleukin [IL]-2, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α, P-selectin, and monocyte chemoattractant protein), and appetite hormones (leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, and insulin) were assessed as potential predictors using a classification and regression tree (CRT) model for differentiating BD from MDD. Results The predicted probability of a composite predictor of ghrelin and TNF-α was significantly greater (for BD: area under curve = 0.877; for MDD: area under curve = 0.914) than that of any one marker (all P > .05) to distinguish BD from MDD. The most powerful predictors for diagnosing BD were high ghrelin and TNF-α levels, whereas those for MDD were low ghrelin and TNF-α levels. Conclusion A composite predictor of ghrelin and TNF-α driven by CRT could assist in the differential diagnosis of BD from MDD with high specificity. Further clinical studies are warranted to validate our results and to explore underlying mechanisms.

Single-Channel EEG-Based Machine Learning Method for Prescreening Major Depressive Disorder

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (05) ◽  
pp. 1579-1603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhijiang Wan ◽  
Hao Zhang ◽  
Jiajin Huang ◽  
Haiyan Zhou ◽  
Jie Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Single Channel ◽  
Regression Tree ◽  
Classification And Regression Tree ◽  
Machine Learning Method ◽  
Learning Method ◽  
Eeg Analysis ◽  
Major Depressive

Many studies developed the machine learning method for discriminating Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and normal control based on multi-channel electroencephalogram (EEG) data, less concerned about using single channel EEG collected from forehead scalp to discriminate the MDD. The EEG dataset is collected by the Fp1 and Fp2 electrode of a 32-channel EEG system. The result demonstrates that the classification performance based on the EEG of Fp1 location exceeds the performance based on the EEG of Fp2 location, and shows that single-channel EEG analysis can provide discrimination of MDD at the level of multi-channel EEG analysis. Furthermore, a portable EEG device collecting the signal from Fp1 location is used to collect the second dataset. The Classification and Regression Tree combining genetic algorithm (GA) achieves the highest accuracy of 86.67% based on leave-one-participant-out cross validation, which shows that the single-channel EEG-based machine learning method is promising to support MDD prescreening application.

Role of obesity in systemic low-grade inflammation and cognitive function in patients with bipolar I disorder or major depressive disorder

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Mu-Hong Chen ◽  
Ju-Wei Hsu ◽  
Kai-Lin Huang ◽  
Shih-Jen Tsai ◽  
Tung-Ping Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Systemic Inflammation ◽  
Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Bipolar I Disorder ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Α Level

Abstract Background. Studies have suggested the detrimental effects of obesity and systemic inflammation on the cognitive function of patients with bipolar or major depressive disorder. However, the complex associations between affective disorder, obesity, systemic inflammation, and cognitive dysfunction remain unclear. Methods. Overall, 110 patients with affective disorder (59 with bipolar I disorder and 51 with major depressive disorder) who scored ≥61 on the Global Assessment of Functioning and 51 age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled. Body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 was defined as obesity or overweight. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines—including interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and C-reactive protein (CRP)—were measured, and cognitive function was assessed using various methods, including the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and go/no-go task. Results. Patients with bipolar I disorder or major depressive disorder were more likely to be obese or overweight, had higher CRP and TNF-α levels, and had greater executive dysfunction in the WCST than the controls. TNF-α level (P < .05) but not affective disorder diagnosis or obesity/overweight was significantly associated with cognitive function deficits, although obesity/overweight and diagnosis were significantly associated with increased TNF-α level. Conclusions. Our findings may indicate that proinflammatory cytokines, but not obesity or overweight, have crucial effects on cognitive function in patients with bipolar I disorder or major depressive disorder, although proinflammatory cytokines and obesity or overweight were found to be strongly associated. The complex relationships between affective disorder diagnosis, proinflammatory cytokine levels, obesity or overweight, and cognitive function require further investigation.

scholarly journals Psychotherapy for subclinical depression: meta-analysis

2014 ◽  
Vol 205 (4) ◽  
pp. 268-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pim Cuijpers ◽  
Sander L. Koole ◽  
Annemiek van Dijke ◽  
Miquel Roca ◽  
Juan Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Psychological Treatment ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes ◽  
Subclinical Depression

BackgroundThere is controversy about whether psychotherapies are effective in the treatment of subclinical depression, defined by clinically relevant depressive symptoms in the absence of a major depressive disorder.AimsTo examine whether psychotherapies are effective in reducing depressive symptoms, reduce the risk of developing major depressive disorder and have comparable effects to psychological treatment of major depression.MethodWe conducted a meta-analysis of 18 studies comparing a psychological treatment of subclinical depression with a control group.ResultsThe target groups, therapies and characteristics of the included studies differed considerably from each other, and the quality of many studies was not optimal. Psychotherapies did have a small to moderate effect on depressive symptoms against care as usual at the post-test assessment (g = 0.35, 95% CI 0.23–0.47; NNT = 5, 95% CI 4–8) and significantly reduced the incidence of major depressive episodes at 6 months (RR = 0.61) and possibly at 12 months (RR = 0.74). The effects were significantly smaller than those of psychotherapy for major depressive disorder and could be accounted for by non-specific effects of treatment.ConclusionsPsychotherapy may be effective in the treatment of subclinical depression and reduce the incidence of major depression, but more high-quality research is needed.

P01-331-Family functioning of adolescents with a major depressive disorder – a comparative study

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 333-333
Author(s):  
M.L. Perereira ◽  
D.L. Nunes Peçanha ◽  
I.A. Santos Bordin
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Family Functioning ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Occupational Activity ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
The Family ◽  
Depressive Episodes

IntroductionPsychiatric disorders occur in a complex context of human relations in its social and psychological aspects. Family functioning is closely related to physical and psychological well-being of family members and its impairment affects the family as a whole.ObjectivesTo evaluate family functioning in two groups of adolescents (13–18 years): cases (with major depressive disorder) and controls (with no DSM-IV psychiatric disorders based on the Brazilian version of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children-Present and Lifetime/K-SADS-PL).MethodFamilies of cases (N = 9) and controls (N = 9) were matched by adolescent's age, gender and education, number and age of siblings, parental marital status and occupational activity, and family income. An experienced systemic family therapist applied the Structured Family Interview to each family. Nine dimensions of family functioning were evaluated: communication, rules, roles, leadership, conflict, aggressiveness, affect, individuation and integration. Session transcripts were independently evaluated by two other systemic family therapists blind to the family case-control category.ResultsRaters scored all interview items using a standardized coding system (overall agreement = 83.5%). Cases exhibited lower mean scores in seven family dimensions, specially affect (p = 0.0078). Differences were not found regarding rules and leadership.ConclusionDifficulty in expressing affect in parent-child relationships was the main characteristic of families with a depressive adolescent. Improvement of family functioning can contribute to minimize the negative influence of psychosocial and family factors on the reoccurrence, and severity of depressive episodes among depressed adolescents.

Psychosocial Treatments for Major Depressive Disorder

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Edward Craighead ◽  
Benjamin N. Johnson ◽  
Sean Carey ◽  
Boadie W. Dunlop
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Psychosocial Interventions ◽  
Pharmacological Interventions ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Psychosocial Treatments ◽  
Major Depressive Episodes ◽  
Depressive Episodes

Behavior therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and interpersonal psychotherapy have each been shown by at least two randomized controlled trials, as well as by numerous meta-analytic reports, to be effective psychosocial interventions for patients meeting criteria for major depressive disorder. All three psychosocial treatments have yielded substantial reductions in scores on the two major depression rating scales, significant decreases in percentage of patients meeting depression criteria at posttreatment, and substantial maintenance of effects well after treatment has ended. The data for outcomes of psychosocial and pharmacological interventions for major depressive episodes suggest that the two treatment modes are equally efficacious.

scholarly journals Duloxetine in the prevention of relapse of major depressive disorder

2006 ◽  
Vol 188 (4) ◽  
pp. 346-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
David G. Perahia ◽  
Inmaculada Gilaberte ◽  
Fujun Wang ◽  
Curtis G. Wiltse ◽  
Stacy A. Huckins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Noradrenaline Reuptake ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Time To Relapse ◽  
Depressive Episodes ◽  
Prevention Of Relapse

BackgroundRelapse rates may be as high as 50% in people with major depressive disorder (MDD) previously treated to remission.AimsDuloxetine, an inhibitor of serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake that is licensed in Europe, the USA and elsewhere for the treatment of depressive episodes, was evaluated with regard to its efficacy, safety and tolerability in the prevention of relapse of MDD.MethodAdult out-patients with MDD received duloxetine (60 mg daily) for 12 weeks (n=533). Patients who responded to the drug were then randomised to duloxetine (60 mgdaily) (n=136) or placebo (n=142) for 26 weeks. The primary measure of efficacy was time to relapse.ResultsPatients who received duloxetine (60 mg daily) experienced significantly longer times to relapse of MDD, and better efficacy global well-being, and quality-of-life outcomes compared with patients who received placebo. It should be noted that adverse events which occur in discontinuation may mimic some signs of depressive relapse, and were not specifically elicited in this study.ConclusionsDuloxetine (60 mg daily) is effective in the prevention of relapse of MDD during continuation treatment.

Uncomplicated Depression as Normal Sadness

2016 ◽  
pp. 82-94
Author(s):  
Jerome C. Wakefield ◽  
Allan V. Horwitz ◽  
Lorenzo Lorenzo-Luaces
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
General Population ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Depressive Episodes

About half of all individuals meet the criteria for DSM-defined major depressive disorder (MDD) by the age of 30. These and other considerations suggest that MDD criteria are too inclusive and apply to individuals who are not ill but are experiencing normal sadness. This chapter reviews a research program that attempts to address this issue by examining “uncomplicated depression,” a subcategory of MDD that is hypothesized to consist of false positive diagnoses in which normal sadness is misdiagnosed as MDD. Data on uncomplicated depression suggest that many individuals who currently meet the DSM criteria for MDD are at no greater risk for subsequent depressive episodes, attempting suicide, or development of generalized anxiety disorder than members of the general population. These data suggest that uncomplicated depression is normal sadness, not major depression, and should not be diagnosed as disordered. They thus indicate that current DSM criteria for MDD are overly inclusive.

May duration of untreated illness influence the long-term course of major depressive disorder?

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Carlo Altamura ◽  
Bernardo Dell'Osso ◽  
Serena Vismara ◽  
Emanuela Mundo
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Antidepressant Treatment ◽  
Age At Onset ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Duration Of Untreated Illness ◽  
Course Variables ◽  
Depressive Episodes

AbstractThe aim of this naturalistic study was to investigate the possible influence of the duration of untreated illness (DUI) on the long-term course of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). One hundred and thirteen patients with recurrent MDD, according to DSM-IV-TR criteria, followed up for 5 years, were selected, interviewed and their clinical charts were reviewed. The DUI was defined as the interval between the onset of the first depressive episode and the first adequate antidepressant treatment. The sample was divided into two groups according to the DUI: one group with a DUI ≤ 12 months (n = 75), and the other with a DUI > 12 months (n = 38). The main demographic and clinical course variables were compared between the two groups using Student's t-tests or chi-square tests. Patients with a longer DUI showed an earlier age at onset (t = 2.82, p = 0.006) and a longer duration of illness (t = 3.20, p = 0.002) compared to patients with a shorter DUI. In addition, the total number of depressive episodes occurring before the first antidepressant treatment was higher in the group with a longer DUI (t = −2.223, p < 0.03). Even though limited by the retrospective nature of the study, these preliminary findings would suggest that a longer DUI may negatively influence the course of MDD. Larger prospective studies are warranted to further investigate the role of the DUI within MDD.

Cognitive Impairment in Major Depressive Disorder and Severe Depressive Episode with Psychotic Symptoms

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S143-S144
Author(s):  
S. Fedorová ◽  
M. Blažková ◽  
P. Humpolíček ◽  
R. Barteček
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Performance ◽  
Depressive Episode ◽  
Digit Span ◽  
Verbal Learning ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Depressive Episodes

IntroductionCognitive impairment in patients with depressive disorder is a subject of intensive research.ObjectivesThis study deals with the cognitive impairment in patients with severe depressive episode with psychotic symptoms and patients with major depressive disorder during the acute state of illness.AimsThe aim was to define domains and the level of cognitive impairment in both groups of patients.The next aim was to compare profiles of cognitive impairment in both groups of patients.The last aim was to find out a relationship between cognitive performance and severity of depressive episode during the acute state of illness.MethodsWe have used neuropsychological test battery (Auditory–Verbal Learning Test, Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test, Logical Memory, Digit span test, Trail making test, Verbal Fluency Test, Block Design and Benton Visual Retention Test) for the evaluation of the cognitive functions in patients with severe depressive episode with psychotic symptoms (n = 5) and patients with major depressive disorder (n = 8).ResultsWe found cognitive impairment in all examined domains in both groups of patients.More profound cognitive impairment was found in patients with severe depressive episode with psychotic symptoms, particularly in visual memory, visuo-constructive abilities, speed of cognitive processing and executive functions. We found no correlation between cognitive performance and severity of depressive episodes.ConclusionsOur findings suggest a strong correlation between psychotic symptoms in depression and cognitive performance.

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