The longitudinal stability of the WRAT-R Reading subtest: Is it an appropriate estimate of premorbid intelligence?

1996 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 282-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brick Johnstone ◽  
Karen L. Wilhelm
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Cerebral Injury ◽  
Reading Scores ◽  
Neuropsychological Evaluation ◽  
Neurologically Impaired ◽  
Longitudinal Stability ◽  
Reading Tests ◽  
Reading Score ◽  
Premorbid Intelligence ◽  
Over Time

AbstractReading tests are assumed to be accurate estimates of premorbid intelligence, based on the belief that reading remains relatively stable following cerebral injury/disease. However, this assumption has been primarily inferred only from studies comparing differences in reading/intelligence measures between neurologically impaired and normal groups. The current study, using within-subject comparisons, compared the longitudinal stability of reading (WRAT-R/3) and intelligence (WAIS-R FIQ) scores for 39 individuals with cognitive dysfunction referred for repeat neuropsychological evaluation. Wilcoxon signed-ranks tests indicated that reading scores: (1) did not statistically change for those demonstrating intellectual decline (>0 point decline in FIQ), or for those who remained relatively stable (FIQ increase between 0 and 6 points) over retest, but (2) did significantly improve for those demonstrating intellectual improvement greater than 6 points. These results suggest that reading scores may be appropriately considered as “hold” tests for individuals who intellectually decline/remain stable over time, but not for those demonstrating significant intellectual improvement. Additionally, significant variability in reading score decline/improvement suggests that caution must be used when estimating premorbid intelligence based on WRAT-R/3 Reading scores. (JINS, 1996, 2, 282–285.)

Longitudinal Stability of Personality

1992 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
David D. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Total Variance ◽  
Global Dynamics ◽  
Longitudinal Stability ◽  
Normal Human Brain ◽  
Adult Personality ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Personality Theories ◽  
Over Time

Estimates of the longitudinal stability of the normal adult personality decrease with increase in the length of the assessment-reassessment interval over which stability is measured, regardless of the method employed. This randomness in the evolution of personality is attributed to the inherent indeterminacy of the global dynamics of the normal human brain. The predictive power of theories of personality is fundamentally constrained. Explanatory personality theories should not be evaluated in terms of the proportion of the total variance that they predict over time but rather on the proportion of the predictable variance they account for.

scholarly journals The Effect of Dexmedetomidine and Esmolol on Early Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction After Middle Ear Surgery Under Hypotensive Technique: A Comparative, Randomized, Double-blind Study

2020 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Hussein Bahr ◽  
Samaa A Kasem Rashwan ◽  
Doaa Abu Elkassim Rashwan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Cerebral Injury ◽  
Middle Ear Surgery ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Hypotensive Anesthesia ◽  
Significant Difference

Objectives: Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is multifactorial, which may be caused by anesthetic and surgical causes or cerebral injury. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dexmedetomidine as a neuroprotective drug compared to esmolol on the prevalence of POCD in adult patients undergoing middle ear surgeries under hypotensive anesthesia. Methods: This study included male and female adult patients, according to American Society of Anesthesiology physical status (ASA) I, the patients who underwent middle ear surgeries under hypotensive anesthesia were randomly assigned to two groups that received esmolol and dexmedetomidine. The demographic data, heart rate, mean arterial blood pressure, duration of the surgery, evaluation of the surgical field, and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (preoperatively and at 1, 6 and 24 hours postoperatively) were recorded. Results: There was a significant difference between the numbers of patients who had POCD in MMSE1: 12 cases in the esmolol group (41.37%) compared to three cases in the dexmedetomidine group (10.34%) (P = 0.016), in MMSE6: 10 cases in the esmolol group (34.48%) compared with two cases in the dexmedetomidine group (6.89%) (P = 0.023) and in MMSE24: seven cases in the esmolol group (24.13%) compared with one case in the dexmedetomidine group (3.44%) (P = 0.022), while the median and range of MMSE score were comparable between the two groups (P > 0.05). Conclusions: This study suggests that intraoperative use of dexmedetomidine as an adjuvant to hypotensive anesthesia reduces the incidence of POCD compared to esmolol.

Pharmacologic Neuroprotection

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nino Stocchetti ◽  
Marco Carbonara
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neuronal Damage ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Cerebral Injury ◽  
Controlled Trials ◽  
Neuroprotective Agents ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Ischemic Encephalopathy ◽  
Over Time

Acute cerebral injury sets into motion a cascade of deleterious biochemical events that cause further neuronal damage and amplify deleterious effects. This cascade develops over time and potentially may be attenuated or limited by pharmacologic manipulation. The neuroprotective properties of several molecules have been clearly demonstrated in experimental models of various pathologies. Based on these findings, many promising compounds have been tested in clinical trials. Large randomized controlled trials, however, have repeatedly failed to provide evidence of clinical efficacy. The authors present an overview of neuroprotective agents studied in traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage, ischemic stroke, and hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in adults due to cardiac arrest. They review the molecular mechanisms involved in secondary neuronal injury and how drugs targeting these mechanisms have been evaluated in clinical trials. Finally, the chapter briefly analyzes the possible reasons for repeated failures in translating experimental success into clinical benefit.

Predicting Cyberbullying Behavior From Attitudes

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher P. Barlett ◽  
Douglas A. Gentile ◽  
Li Dongdong ◽  
Angeline Khoo
Keyword(s):  
Latent Class Analysis ◽  
Path Analysis ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Class Analysis ◽  
Longitudinal Stability ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Path Analyses ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
Over Time

Abstract. There is a paucity of research testing (a) the longitudinal stability in positive cyberbullying attitudes, (b) whether any change in positive cyberbullying attitudes over time predict subsequent cyberbullying perpetration, and (c) the cross-lagged relations between positive attitudes toward cyberbullying attitudes and behavior over time. The current study focused on empirically testing these theoretical gaps and sampled over 3,000 Singaporean youth participants (at Wave 1) who completed measures of cyberbullying behavior and positive attitudes consecutively for 3 years. Correlations and path analyses showed modest stability in positive cyberbullying attitudes and perpetration over time. Also, latent class analysis classified participants into either stable high attitudes, stable low attitudes, increasing attitudes, or decreasing attitudes. Results using this classification showed that changes in positive cyberbullying attitudes across Waves 1 and 2 predicted Wave 3 cyberbullying, such that those who endorsed cyberbullying attitudes were more likely to cyberbully than those who did not advocate such attitudes. Finally, path analysis results showed significant longitudinal cross-lags between positive attitudes toward cyberbullying and behaviors.

scholarly journals Predicting Change in Academic Abilities After Conformal Radiation Therapy for Localized Ependymoma

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (24) ◽  
pp. 3965-3970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather M. Conklin ◽  
Chenghong Li ◽  
Xiaoping Xiong ◽  
Robert J. Ogg ◽  
Thomas E. Merchant
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Child Behavior Checklist ◽  
Random Coefficients ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Cognitive Testing ◽  
Reading Scores ◽  
Natural Setting ◽  
Conformal Radiation Therapy ◽  
Over Time

Purpose Conformal radiation therapy (CRT) aims to limit the highest radiation dose to the tissue volume at risk while sparing surrounding normal tissues. This study investigated whether treatment of childhood ependymoma with CRT would preserve cognitive function. Academic competence was chosen as the primary outcome measure given it is a measure of applied cognitive abilities in a child's natural setting. Patients and Methods Eighty-seven pediatric patients diagnosed with ependymoma received CRT in which doses ranging from 54.0 to 59.4 Gy were prescribed to the postoperative tumor bed with a 10-mm clinical target volume margin. Cognitive testing was conducted at the start of CRT, 6 months, and annually after the start of CRT. The median length of follow-up was 59.6 months. Academic testing included subtests from the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT) and the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist. Results Linear mixed models with random coefficients revealed a modest but significant decline in reading scores during follow-up (WIAT slope estimate −0.064 ± 0.028 points/month; P = .026). Math and spelling performance remained stable. Supratentorial tumor location and multiple surgeries were predictive of worse reading performance at CRT baseline. Male sex, longer symptomatic interval, pre-CRT chemotherapy, pre-existing endocrine deficiencies, hydrocephalus, and younger age at CRT (< 5 years) were predictive of a significant decline in reading scores over time. Conclusion CRT may result in better long-term cognitive outcomes when compared to conventional radiation therapy approaches. Reading appears more vulnerable than other academic skills and may decline over time despite stable intellectual functioning.

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