The structural non-integration of wh-clefts

Weinert & Miller (1996) suggest that English wh-clefts are a heterogeneous class in that they can have varied degrees of structural integration. Many such constructions depart structurally from the canonical wh-cleft which consists of a wh-clause, the copula and a focus constituent, and in which all the three elements are brought together into a fully integrated utterance. In the types of wh-clefts displaying looser structure, their lack of syntactic integration has so far been related to such linguistic features as (a) omission of the copula, (b) non-canonical copular complementation, e.g. independent main clauses instead of standard infinitival phrases appearing in the focus constituent, (c) lack of a clearly identifiable copular complement, (d) the focusing effect of the wh-clause extending over several clauses (Weinert & Miller 1996; Koops & Ross-Hagebaum 2008; Hopper & Thompson 2008; Callies 2012). Although the disintegrating effect of these features has been observed, the extent of the phenomenon in modern English has not been properly established and other non-integration features have not been investigated. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to use corpus data to identify and examine such non-integration features and to investigate the extent – expressed quantitatively – to which these features are found in wh-clefts with the verb do in the wh-clause. The article also points out the formulaic status of those wh-clauses which become disconnected from their focus phrases.

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Conrad in the computer: examples of quantitative stylistic methods

Language and Literature ◽

10.1177/0963947005048873 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 5-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Michael Stubbs

Keyword(s):

Stylistic Analysis ◽

Linguistic Features ◽

Literary Value ◽

Heart Of Darkness ◽

Corpus Data

A stylistic analysis of Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness is used to illustrate the literary value of simple quantitative text and corpus data. Cultural and literary aspects of the book are briefly discussed. It is then shown that data on the frequencies and distributions of individual words and recurrent phraseology can not only provide a more detailed descriptive basis for widely accepted literary interpretations of the book, but also identify significant linguistic features which literary critics seem not to have noticed. The argument provides a response to scepticism of quantitative stylistics from both linguists and literary critics.

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Structural integration of separation and reaction systems: I. Integration of stage-wise processes

Hemijska industrija ◽

10.2298/hemind0201001m ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 56 (1) ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Milan Mitrovic

Keyword(s):

Integrated Systems ◽

Optimal Solutions ◽

Separation Processes ◽

Fully Integrated ◽

Reaction Systems ◽

Structural Integration ◽

Liquid Separations

The structural integration of separation processes, using multifunctional equipment, has been studied on four stage-wise liquid-liquid separations extraction, absorption, distillation, adsorption and on some combinations of these processes. It was shown for stage - wise processes that the ultimate aim of equipment integration is 3-way integration (by components by steps and by stages) and that membrane multiphase contactors present concerning the equipment optimal solutions in many cases. First, by using partially integrated equipment and, later by developing fully integrated systems it was experimentally confirmed that structural 3-way integration produces much higher degrees of component separations and component enrichments in compact and safe equipment.

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Arabizi Among Kuwaiti Youths: Reshaping the Standard Arabic Orthography

International Journal of English Linguistics ◽

10.5539/ijel.v9n1p301 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 301

Author(s):

Rahima Akbar

Keyword(s):

Code Switching ◽

Point Of View ◽

Young Generation ◽

Linguistic Features ◽

Arabic Orthography ◽

Standard Arabic ◽

Unique Method ◽

Story Writing ◽

Corpus Data ◽

Youth Community

Arabizi is a trendy language phenomenon utilized by young Arabs to communicate across various social platforms. Young Kuwaitis seem to not be any exception in that regard. This paper aims mainly at investigating the linguistic features of Arabizi as produced by the young generation in Kuwait, and the reasons for which the practice has been persistent amongst the youth community. The main corpus data was collected from spontaneous WhatsApp chats of 35 young Kuwaiti respondents who provided 400 of their e-messages to be linguistically analyzed by the researcher. A digital questionnaire was also implemented to illicit respondents’ responses on the reasons for which young Kuwaitis use Arabizi in their e-messages. Due to the heterogeneity of the spontaneous corpus, supplemental data was provided from a story writing that was sent to the respondents to be re-written in the style they choose when they normally chat on WhatsApp. From a linguistic point of view, the study reveals a number of tendencies that place Arabizi as a unique method of communication with a profile that employs both transcription and transliteration in the way it represents its consonants vs. vowels, Kuwaiti dialectical phoneme shifts and the wide use of extralinguistic features. Intensive code-switching and mixing has also been displayed. The present study also signifies a number of sociolinguistic reasons for which Kuwaiti users of Arabizi employ the script in their e-communication across social platforms.

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Extra-clausal constituents in Functional Discourse Grammar: function and form

Revista da ABRALIN ◽

10.25189/rabralin.v19i3.1717 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 159-185

Author(s):

Riccardo Giomi ◽

Evelien Keizer

Keyword(s):

Functional Constraints ◽

Discourse Grammar ◽

Corpus Data ◽

Formal Properties ◽

Heterogeneous Class

This paper presents a first outline of an encompassing account of extra-clausal constituents (ECCs) within the framework of Functional Discourse Grammar (FDG). Drawing primarily on English corpus data, we investigate both the functional and the formal properties of this heterogeneous class of constituents, focusing in particular on their underlying pragmatic structure and contribution to the ongoing discourse, and on the communicative factors relevant to their placement within the larger linguistic expressions within which they occur. More specifically, we suggest that each ECC forms a separate, though invariably dependent unit of communicative behaviour (i.e. a Subsidiary Discourse Act). Moreover, we argue that the mechanism governing the placement of ECCs vis-à-vis both their hosts and each other is fundamentally different from the placement rules proposed in FDG for morphosyntactic units belonging to the clause, phrase or word; the result is a system that captures both the functional constraints on the placement of ECCs and their greater positional freedom.

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L’adverbial en X temps, est-il vraiment un test de télicité ?

Lingvisticae Investigationes ◽

10.1075/li.36.2.06sik ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 276-286

Author(s):

Dorota Sikora

Keyword(s):

Linguistic Features ◽

Corpus Data ◽

Adverbial Clause ◽

Paper Address

The French adverbial PP en X temps is often considered telicity test. The present paper address the question of its reliability : how can we be sure that a VP is telic as long as it is compatible with en X temps ? Corpus data investigated in the article provide evidence that the supposed telicity test often appears in clearly atelic contexts. Further investigation of the linguistic features of the PP under analysis in such contexts leads to the conclusion that there is no reason to rise the adverbial clause en X temps to the rank of telicity test.

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STATISTIC-LINGUISTIC COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PERCEPTUAL TYPES OF A RUSSIAN AND AN ENGLISH WORD (BASED ON NCRL, BNC, ANC)

10.22250/2410-7190_2019_5_3_273_291 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 273-291

Author(s):

Tatiana N. Chugaeva ◽

◽

Olga V. Baiburova ◽

Anton A. Vakhotin ◽

Svetlana Y. Dmitrieva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Comparative Analysis ◽

High Frequency ◽

English Word ◽

Linguistic Features ◽

Rhythmic Structure ◽

Data Comparison ◽

Corpus Data ◽

British National Corpus ◽

National Corpus

Corpus research presents obvious benefits, though linguists approach the material in various ways. For example, corpus linguists approach data in an exploratory way, whereas psycholinguists more often tend to combine corpus data and experimental research. The current work uses the theoretical systemic approach to describe the two frequency strata of the three corpora (Russian National Corpus, British National Corpus and Open American National Corpus) and build the classification of phonetic word types in Russian and English (British and American). The aim of the research is to draw up the phonetic (perceptive) classification of the corresponding languages and to describe the identity of their sound systems based on these types. The high frequency and the frequency strata of the three corpora have been analyzed to identify the words characterized by the following linguistic features: length in syllables, stressed vowel, rhythmic structure, etc. The data comparison discovered more distinctions than similarities among the three corpora...

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An improved magnetic prism design for a transmission electron microscope energy filter

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100107344 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 40-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

John W. Andrew ◽

F.P. Ottensmeyer ◽

E. Martell

Keyword(s):

Energy Resolution ◽

Symmetry Plane ◽

Fringe Field ◽

Focal Distance ◽

Electron Trajectories ◽

Focusing Effect ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Path Lengths ◽

Electron Microscopes ◽

Focusing Properties

Energy selecting electron microscopes of the Castaing-Henry prism-mirror-prism design suffer from a loss of image and energy resolution with increasing field of view. These effects can be qualitatively understood by examining the focusing properties of the prism shown in Fig. 1. A cone of electrons emerges from the entrance lens crossover A and impinges on the planar face of the prism. The task of the prism is to focus these electrons to a point B at a focal distance f2 from the side of the prism. Electrons traveling in the plane of the diagram (i.e., the symmetry plane of the prism) are focused toward point B due to the different path lengths of different electron trajectories in the triangularly shaped magnetic field. This is referred to as horizontal focusing; the better this focusing effect the better the energy resolution of the spectrometer. Electrons in a plane perpendicular to the diagram and containing the central ray of the incident cone are focused toward B by the curved fringe field of the prism.

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FR-IR Molecular Microanalysis System

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100134958 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 270-271

Author(s):

John A. Reffner ◽

William T. Wihlborg

Keyword(s):

Fourier Transform ◽

Fourier Transform Infrared ◽

Integrated System ◽

Morphological Examination ◽

Fully Integrated ◽

Ir Microscopy ◽

Normal Functions ◽

Infrared Microspectroscopy ◽

Infrared Spectral ◽

Ft Ir

The IRμs™ is the first fully integrated system for Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microscopy. FT-IR microscopy combines light microscopy for morphological examination with infrared spectroscopy for chemical identification of microscopic samples or domains. Because the IRμs system is a new tool for molecular microanalysis, its optical, mechanical and system design are described to illustrate the state of development of molecular microanalysis. Applications of infrared microspectroscopy are reviewed by Messerschmidt and Harthcock.Infrared spectral analysis of microscopic samples is not a new idea, it dates back to 1949, with the first commercial instrument being offered by Perkin-Elmer Co. Inc. in 1953. These early efforts showed promise but failed the test of practically. It was not until the advances in computer science were applied did infrared microspectroscopy emerge as a useful technique. Microscopes designed as accessories for Fourier transform infrared spectrometers have been commercially available since 1983. These accessory microscopes provide the best means for analytical spectroscopists to analyze microscopic samples, while not interfering with the FT-IR spectrometer’s normal functions.

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