PROGRESSIVE TAXATION AND MACROECONOMICS (IN)STABILITY UNDER HOUSEHOLD HETEROGENEITY

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-32
Author(s):  
Shu-Hua Chen
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
State Level ◽  
Income Taxation ◽  
Progressive Taxation ◽  
Cyclical Fluctuations ◽  
Automatic Stabilizer ◽  
Local Indeterminacy ◽  
Household Heterogeneity ◽  
Business Cycle Model ◽  
Progressive Income Taxation

It has been shown that progressive income taxation may stabilize an otherwise standard representative-agent real business cycle model with an indeterminate steady state against aggregate fluctuations caused by agents’ animal spirits. By contrast, within an identical model that allows for sustained economic growth, progressive taxation could lead to equilibrium indeterminacy and sunspot-driven fluctuations. In the context of household heterogeneity that gives rise to income and asset inequality, the fiscal authority has (at least) two options of setting the baseline level of taxable income: (i) the economy-wide average level of income and (ii) the economy’s steady-state level of per capita income. I show that the adoption of a fiscal rule (i) invalidates the effects that a progressive tax can exert on the model’s local stability properties. Progressive income taxation thus no longer operates as an automatic stabilizer that mitigates belief-driven cyclical fluctuations in a no-growth economy, nor as an automatic destabilizer that leads to local indeterminacy in a sustained-growth economy. If a tax policy rule (ii) is instead adopted, then the existing literature’s findings of the (de)stabilizing roles of progressive taxation are robust to the inclusion of household heterogeneity.

scholarly journals Incentives for progressive income taxation

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Socorro Puy
Keyword(s):  
Median Voter ◽  
Income Taxation ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Progressive Taxation ◽  
Tax Progressivity ◽  
Electoral Incentives ◽  
Progressive Income Taxation ◽  
Low Uncertainty

This study analyzes the electoral incentives for redistributive income taxation when the incumbent strategically decides the degree of tax progressivity. Progressivity makes the median voter prefer more government spending, which induces left-wing incumbents to foster progressivity and right-wing incumbents to propose flat taxation. However, if (i) more progressivity reduces middle-income voters’ fear of left-wing policies with respect to right-wing policies, (ii) parties’ office holding incentives are high, and (iii) there is low uncertainty about the median voter, then left-wing incumbents opt for less-progressive taxation and right-wing incumbents opt for more progressive taxation. In addition, we show that voters’ risk aversion over private consumption implies that right-wing incumbents propose more progressivity in comparison with left-wing incumbents proposing less progressivity. Our theoretical prediction can explain why, for example, Democrat Kennedy contributed to decreasing progressive taxation and Republican Bush contributed to increasing progressive taxation.

Tacrolimus initial steady state level in post-transplant cyclophosphamide-based GvHD prophylaxis regimens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janny M. Yao ◽  
Dongyun Yang ◽  
Mary C. Clark ◽  
Salman Otoukesh ◽  
Thai Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
State Level ◽  
Steady State Level ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Gvhd Prophylaxis

Ascorbate and glutathione homeostasis in vascular smooth muscle cells: cooperation with endothelial cells

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (4) ◽  
pp. C1031-C1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilia Voskoboinik ◽  
Karin Söderholm ◽  
Ian A. Cotgreave
Keyword(s):  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Smooth Muscle ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Smooth Muscle Cells ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
State Level ◽  
Muscle Cells ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Steady State Level ◽  
Human Umbilical Vein

Human umbilical vein smooth muscle cells (HUVSMCs) utilize extracellular cystine, glutathione (GSH), and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to synthesize cellular GSH. Extracellular cystine was effective from 5 μM, whereas GSH and NAC were required at 100 μM for comparable effects. The efficacy of extracellular GSH was dependent on de novo GSH synthesis, indicating a dependence on cellular γ-glutamyltransferase (glutamyl transpeptidase). Coculture of syngenetic HUVSMCs and corresponding human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) on porous supports restricted cystine- or GSH-stimulated synthesis of HUVSMC GSH when supplied on the “luminal” endothelial side. Thus HUVSMC GSH rapidly attained a steady-state level below that achieved in the absence of interposed HUVECs. HUVSMCs also readily utilize both reduced ascorbate (AA) and oxidized dehydroascorbate (DHAA) over the range 50–500 μM. Phloretin effectively blocked both AA- and DHAA-stimulated assimilation of intracellular AA, indicating a role for a glucose transporter in their transport. Uptake of extracellular AA was also sensitive to extracellular, but not intracellular, thiol depletion. When AA was applied to the endothelial side of the coculture model, assimilation of intracellular AA in HUVSMCs was restricted to a steady-state level below that achieved by free access.

scholarly journals Adapting Income Taxation to the Labor Market Changes

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-178
Author(s):  
Anna Kireenko ◽  
Svetlana Sodnomova
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Income Taxation ◽  
Work Skills ◽  
Digital Platforms ◽  
Gig Economy ◽  
Tax Deductions ◽  
Data Statistics ◽  
Market Trends ◽  
Progressive Income Taxation ◽  
Market Changes

The article is concerned with the analysis of the labor market changes, requiring the personal income tax reform. Methods of comparative and statistical analysis are applied. Rating and analytical agencies data, statistics from the OECD, Eurofond and Eurostat used as the empirical base of the study. Three labor market trends requiring appropriate changes in taxation were identified. The first trend is the change in the demand for work skills, which requires a more flexible approach to educational tax deductions and tax incentives for training in high-demand digital professions. The second trend is digital platforms and the gig economy that enhance income differentiation, which inevitably raises the question of progressive income taxation. The third trend is an increase in non-standard employment. The article analyzes such forms of non-standard employment as work on the basis of vouchers, platform work, joint employment, casual labour which are associated with the ambiguous status of employment and require changes in tax policy to regulate them.

scholarly journals The steady-state level of Mg-protoporphyrin IX is not a determinant of plastid-to-nucleus signaling in Arabidopsis

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (39) ◽  
pp. 15184-15189 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Mochizuki ◽  
R. Tanaka ◽  
A. Tanaka ◽  
T. Masuda ◽  
A. Nagatani
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Protoporphyrin Ix ◽  
State Level ◽  
Steady State Level

scholarly journals Expression of human beta-secretase in the mouse brain increases the steady-state level of beta-amyloid

2002 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
pp. 799-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula Bodendorf ◽  
Simone Danner ◽  
Frauke Fischer ◽  
Muriel Stefani ◽  
Christine Sturchler-Pierrat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Mouse Brain ◽  
State Level ◽  
Beta Amyloid ◽  
Steady State Level ◽  
Beta Secretase

Expression of a gene for mouse eucaryotic elongation factor Tu during murine erythroleukemic cell differentiation

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 3929-3936
Author(s):  
W W Roth ◽  
P W Bragg ◽  
M V Corrias ◽  
N S Reddy ◽  
J N Dholakia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Genomic Library ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
State Level ◽  
Genomic Clone ◽  
Elongation Factor Tu ◽  
Steady State Level ◽  
Similar Reduction ◽  
S1 Nuclease ◽  
Murine Erythroleukemia

The eucaryotic elongation factor Tu (eEF-Tu) is a single polypeptide with an approximate Mr of 53,000. During protein synthesis eEF-Tu promotes the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the ribosome. To study the expression of the gene(s) for this factor, a genomic clone was isolated that contains a mouse eEF-Tu gene. We screened a phage genomic library with a synthetic oligonucleotide probe complementary to a region of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Artemia sp. eEF-Tu genes which codes for an area that is highly conserved between both yeast and Artemia sp. eEF-Tu. From approximately 75,000 phage plaques we obtained five isolates with apparently identical inserts. All five clones contained a 3.8-kilobase EcoRI fragment that hybridized to additional oligonucleotide probes corresponding to different conserved regions of eEF-Tu. We sequenced the 5' end of one genomic clone and determined the length of the cloned fragment that was protected by eEF-Tu mRNA in S1 nuclease protection assays. A quantitative S1 nuclease protection assay was used to compare the relative steady-state levels of eEF-Tu mRNA in total mRNA in total RNA isolated from hexamethylene-bisacetamide-induced murine erythroleukemia cells. The results show a dramatic reduction in the steady-state level of eEF-Tu mRNA as differentiation proceeds. A similar reduction in transcription of eEF-Tu mRNA was observed in isolated nuclei. Finally, we examined the in vivo synthesis of eEF-Tu during differentiation and found that it declined in a manner parallel to the decline in the steady-state level of eEF-Tu mRNA. In addition, we have isolated and sequenced a cDNA clone for mouse eEF-Tu. The derived amino acid sequence is compared with sequences from other eucaryotes.

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