Features of the work of the UK healthcare during the fight against the epidemic

Due to their isolation and the ability to limit communication with the outside world, many island states managed to quickly localize the spread of the epidemic, as a result of which the incidence and mortality rates were much lower than in the whole world. So, in Australia, the number of detected cases as of the beginning of autumn 2021 was about 50,000, of which 993 cases had fatal outcomes (ranking 118th in the world); in New Zealand, a total of 3,380 cases of the disease were detected (of which 26 were fatal); on the island of Greenland a total of 326 cases of the disease without deaths were registered. At the same time, the UK in terms of the number of cases came close to the mark of 7 million people, as a result of which it ranked 6th in the world. It was in Great Britain that the «delta» strain was one of the first registered, which caused many states to close their air borders with Great Britain. Only according to official statistics, in the UK, the coronavirus infection was registered in every tenth inhabitant of the country. At the same time, the UK occupies one of the leading places in the world in terms of vaccination rates — as of September 1, 70 % of the population received two doses of the vaccine. A feature of English healthcare is its statehood — funding for the needs of medicine is carried out not at the expense of insurance premiums, but at the expense of tax deductions. The central government allocates state funds to the Ministry of Health, which is responsible for further allocation of funds. Despite the fact that in July 2021 the daily number of newly diagnosed cases of the disease was one of the highest in the world, the government of the country announced the lifting of all quarantine restrictions from July 19.

On increasing the degree of progressiveness of the income tax in Russia

Income tax fulfills not only fiscal, but also social and regulatory function in the economy. Currently, the main burden of paying income tax in Russia is borne by workers with low and middle incomes. In order to increase the social function of the income tax, it is necessary to continue reforming it in order to achieve greater progressiveness. The overall progressiveness of income tax depends on the structure of all tax categories, exemptions and deductions, and not only on the difference between the maximum and minimum rates. As shown in the article, Russian tax legislation does not provide for a lower income threshold that is exempt from income tax, and the amount of tax deductions for children does not provide meaningful support to families. When changing the parameters of income tax, an integrated approach is important, taking into account the possible consequences in the form of a drop in income of regions especially sensitive to this type of tax.

Accredited investor: legal status and problems of taxation

The subject of the research is the legal norms contained in legislation and other legal acts that regulate the grounds for the emergence and the mechanism for implementing the status of an accredited investor, requirements for individuals, as well as certain aspects of taxation of accredited investors. The experience of legal regulation of income from investment activities, used in foreign legislation, is also analyzed in the context of the topic.The purpose of the article is to confirm the need to revise the requirements for accredited investors, to clarify the legislative provisions of the personal income tax. The reason for this study was legislative changes that caused an ambiguous reaction among the entire legal community in Russia.The methodology. General scientific methods were applied in the framework of a comparative, logical and statistical study and analysis of law enforcement and judicial practice in the field of taxation of an accredited investors.The main results. The following issues were investigated. What was the reason for the introduction of the status of an accredited investor in Russian legislation? It was the need firstly to protect the rights of investors, and secondly to regulate and protect the stock market from unconsciously high-risk transactions. What requirements are specified in the law for obtaining this status, what requirements exist in foreign legislation and why does domestic legislation need to be revised? We can divide the requirements for obtaining the status into three general groups: experience, knowledge and risk. Investor is obliged to meet two criteria by European legislation, when only one criterion by Russian legislation. The problem of taxation of qualified investors was raised in the context of the progressive income tax rate. Taxation of qualified investors needs a thorough legislative review in terms of tax deductions.Conclusions. The ideas for the introduction of the status of an accredited investor, of a progressive personal income tax rate were implemented in Russian legislation from the legislation of foreign countries. Such Russian legal rules needs significant revision. The legislative term "accredited investor" should be introduced in legislation system. It is necessary to clarify the criteria for obtaining a status, as well as to consolidate the necessity for accredited investors to comply with two conditions instead of one. Such an initiative would allow investors themselves to approach investing more consciously and would remove risks from brokers. Tax legislation should be amended in part of tax deductions for persons whose main activity is investment, since the current state of affairs discriminates them against individuals in their rights. The revision of the fixed requirements as well as the clarification of the tax legislation will attract investors (both Russian and foreign) to the Russian stock market, while the economy will receive positive growth, intermediaries-brokers and issuing firms will be provided with protection from unconscious risks.

SUPPORT FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP DURING THE 2020 CRISIS: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FOREIGN AND KAZAKHSTAN PRACTICE

The article examines the features of ensuring the stability of the business sector during the COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan, OECD countries and other countries by analyzing the measures taken by their governments. A comparative analysis was conducted for global trends in the introduction of tax policy measures (cancellation / reduction of tax rates, the use of temporary / permanent tax deductions, benefits and loans, refundable tax benefits, etc.) and non-tax policy (provision of loans, subsidies for business expenses that are not related to with wages, various types of deferrals, and other industry-specific support measures).

IPOs and Corporate Taxes

How does going public affect firms’ tax obligations and tax planning? Using a panel of U.S. corporate tax return data from 1994 to 2018, we compare tax payments for firms that completed an IPO with those that filed for an IPO but later withdrew and remained private. We find that in the years immediately following IPO completion, firms have a higher probability of paying taxes and pay more U.S. tax. The effects occur regardless of tax status in the pre-IPO period and are not explained by statutory limitations imposed on the use of pre-IPO losses. Higher income reported for financial reporting purposes, as well as lower interest deductions attributable to debt repayment, contribute to the increased tax payments. These increases are partially offset by higher tax deductions for post-IPO investment and employment spending. Furthermore, the IPO is associated with increased tax planning through foreign tax haven use. The evidence adds to the nascent literature examining corporate tax implications of the IPO decision.

EARNING PER SHARE, DEBT TO EQUITY RATIO DAN PRICE EARNING RATIO TERHADAP HARGA SAHAM PADA PERUSAHAAN FARMASI YANG TERDAFTAR DI BEI TAHUN 2014 – 2018

The development of the health world will certainly have a positive impact for shareholders especially in pharmaceutical companies, this is reflected by the Government's support that provides ease and incentives in the form of tax deductions and import duties borne by the Government to attract investments. With these opportunities will certainly affect the price of stocks in pharmaceutical companies including the financial performance. Financial performance can be seen from several financial ratios, earning per share, debt to equity, and price earning ratio. Samples on this study were as many as 7 companies for 5 years so in 35 can sample. The results of this study simultaneously all variables in this study have an effect on the stock price. Both EPS and PER variables affect the stock price, while the DER variables negatively affect the share price.

Adapting Income Taxation to the Labor Market Changes

The article is concerned with the analysis of the labor market changes, requiring the personal income tax reform. Methods of comparative and statistical analysis are applied. Rating and analytical agencies data, statistics from the OECD, Eurofond and Eurostat used as the empirical base of the study. Three labor market trends requiring appropriate changes in taxation were identified. The first trend is the change in the demand for work skills, which requires a more flexible approach to educational tax deductions and tax incentives for training in high-demand digital professions. The second trend is digital platforms and the gig economy that enhance income differentiation, which inevitably raises the question of progressive income taxation. The third trend is an increase in non-standard employment. The article analyzes such forms of non-standard employment as work on the basis of vouchers, platform work, joint employment, casual labour which are associated with the ambiguous status of employment and require changes in tax policy to regulate them.

Receiving a social tax deduction on personal income tax through an employer: amendments to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation

Article analyzes changes which the employers performing functions of the tax agent on an income tax will face since the beginning of 2022. Changes have been made to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, which not only expand the range of social tax deductions, but also in some cases change the format of interaction between the employer and the employee, which he decided to receive a social tax deduction for personal income tax. The peculiarities of obtaining various types of social tax deductions through the employer, changes that will come into force in 2022 in this area, as well as the necessary documents are disclosed on the basis of which the employer provides the employee with social tax deductions.

POTRET PEMOTONGAN DAN PEMUNGUTAN PAJAK OLEH BENDAHARA DANA BANTUAN OPERASIONAL SEKOLAH (BOS)

This study aims to examine the implementation of tax deductions and collection by the Treasurer of Bantuan Operasional Sekolah (BOS). The research data analysis used a descriptive qualitative approach. The research objects were SD Negeri Banyuajuh 3 Kamal Bangkalan Madura and SMK Kesehatan Yannas Husada Bangkalan. Data collection techniques used unstructured interviews, observation and documentation. The results showed that the implementation of witholding tax and levy carried out by the treasurer at SD Negeri Banyuajuh 3 Kamal Bangkalan Madura and SMK Kesehatan Yannas Husada Bangkalan was still not optimal and some were not in accordance with the applicable taxation regulations. The results show that there are five (5) things that can make the treasurer make the mismatch, namely: first, the high incomprehension of the treasurer about tariffs, the basis for imposition and obligations related to taxation. Second, the lack of training attended by BOS fund treasurers. Third, the rapid change in taxation rules. Fourth, lack of socialization from related parties (such as the Tax Service Office, Education and Culture Office). Fifth, the high level of activity apart from taking care of BOS funds from the BOS fund treasurer. This mismatch automatically causes the tax, which is generally the state revenue that is relied on the most to become less than optimal. This is because there are still funds that should go to the state treasury. Keywords: Treasurer; BOS Funds; Deductions; Collections; Taxes

Federal Wealth Policy and the Perpetuation of White Supremacy

Since its inception, the U.S. government has strongly promoted the expansion of White wealth. These past policies have created the current wealth gaps in which White households typically hold >10 times the wealth held by Black or Latinx households. The tradition continues today. Using nine tax deductions, the federal government currently supports household wealth accumulation by nearly $640 billion annually. Although they make no overt mention of race, these tax exemptions are designed specifically to help wealthier households. Using evidence from the Survey of Consumer Finances, this article estimates the racial shares of these tax benefits and shows a clear pattern of racial favoritism. In addition, repeated efforts to eliminate the estate and gift taxes mean more intergenerational wealth is tax-exempted. As in the past, our current federal wealth policies are promoting White supremacy.