scholarly journals Underweight, overweight and obesity among South African adolescents: results of the 2002 National Youth Risk Behaviour Survey

2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
SP Reddy ◽  
K Resnicow ◽  
S James ◽  
N Kambaran ◽  
R Omardien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
White Students ◽  
Economic Transition ◽  
White Male ◽  
Risk Behaviour ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Black And White ◽  
South African School ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
And Control

AbstractObjectiveThe present paper reports the prevalence of underweight, overweight and obesity by gender, ethnicity and grade, among participants in a 2002 national survey among South African school-going youth that included height and weight measurements.DesignA stratified two-stage sample was used. Nationally representative rates of underweight, overweight and obesity were calculated using weighted survey data and compared using χ2 analysis.SettingIn all, 9224 grade 8 to grade 11 students, present at school in selected classes within selected South African government-funded schools in all nine provinces, participated in this study. Most of the students were between 13 and 19 years of age.ResultsHigher rates of underweight were observed for males than females as well as for black and ‘coloured’ than white students. Within each gender group, black and ‘coloured’ students had significantly higher rates of underweight than their white counterparts. Higher percentages of females than males were overweight and obese, overall and among black students. Furthermore, white male students had significantly higher rates of overweight than their black and ‘coloured’ counterparts. Among females, black and white students had significantly higher rates than ‘coloured’ students. Students in higher grades showed significantly lower rates of underweight and higher rates of overweight.DiscussionThese data confirm that South Africa, a developing nation in socio-economic transition, is experiencing both undernutrition and overnutrition. However, these problems are disproportionately distributed by gender, socio-economics and ethnicity. Continued surveillance of nutritional status may be one important component of a national strategy to prevent and control malnutrition.

Race, Racism, and the Cool Pose: Exploring Black and White Male Masculinity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
James D Unnever ◽  
Cecilia Chouhy
Keyword(s):  
Black Males ◽  
White Male ◽  
Research Needs ◽  
Racial Oppression ◽  
Cultural Adaptations ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Cool Pose ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Young Black Males

Abstract Scholars argue that racial oppression uniquely causes Black males to construct a definition of their masculinity—the “Cool Pose”—that is different from White male masculinity. In this paper, using a nationally representative survey conducted in 2018, we examined whether young Black males were more likely than White male youths to feel greater pressure to conform to the Cool Pose. We analyzed six measures of the Cool Pose. We found no evidence that young Black males were more likely than White male youths to feel greater pressure to use violence if provoked. However, we found that young Black males were more likely than White male youths to feel greater pressure to be physically and emotionally strong, play sports, and to dominate or control others. We conclude that research needs to move beyond idiosyncratic accounts of Black males’ cultural adaptations in order to explicate the developmental processes that affect how Black males living in a systemically racist society express their masculinity.

Understanding Intra-Group Variations in Prejudice — The Role of Perceived Legitimacy and Stability

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gillian Finchilescu ◽  
Cheryl de la Rey
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
South African ◽  
White Students ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Consistent Finding ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Perceived Security ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Relative Status

Social Identity Theory predicts that the pattern of intergroup behaviour is a function of the relative status of the groups involved, and the perceived security of this hierarchy. Insecurity of social identity arises if the intergroup situation is seen as unstable and/or illegitimate. In this paper the authors suggest that these factors may also contribute to intra-group variations in outgroup discrimination and hostility. This was empirically investigated using black and white students from a South African university, at a time when social change appeared imminent. A measure of perceptions of status, stability and legitimacy was developed, and the effect of these perceptions on attitudes and various measures of discrimination tested. A consistent finding was that of the white subjects, those who perceived the intergroup situation as illegitimate, gave significantly less discriminatory responses than did those who perceived it as legitimate. The results provide support for some of the theoretical predictions.

History in Black and White: An Analysis of South African School History Textbooks

1985 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 748
Author(s):  
Peter Walshe ◽  
Elizabeth Dean ◽  
Paul Hartmann ◽  
May Katzen ◽  
UNESCO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
History Textbooks ◽  
Black And White ◽  
School History ◽  
South African School

You Play a Sport, Right? A Persistent and Pernicious Intersectional Bias in Categorization of Students vs. Student-Athletes

2021 ◽  
pp. 014616722110440
Author(s):  
Gerald D. Higginbotham ◽  
Jessica Shropshire ◽  
Kerri L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
White Students ◽  
Black Male ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
White Male ◽  
College Campuses ◽  
Academic Ability ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Black Male Students ◽  
Black And White

Black male students on college campuses report being frequently misperceived as student-athletes. Across three studies, we tested the role of perceivers’ racial and gendered biases in categorization of Black and White students and student-athletes and the subsequent evaluative consequences. Participants viewed faces of actual Black and White male and female undergraduates who were either non-athlete students or student- athletes and made binary judgments about whether the undergraduate was a student or an athlete. We found an overall bias to judge Black male undergraduates to be student-athletes, driven by Black male students being more likely to be misperceived as student-athletes than White male students. Furthermore, male targets perceived to be student-athletes were rated lower on academic ability (Studies 2 and 3). In contrast, we found an overall bias to judge female undergraduates as students. Implications for how perceiver bias plays a dual role in negatively affecting academic climates for underrepresented groups are discussed.

scholarly journals Diverging Disparities: Race, Parental Income, and Children’s Math Scores, 1960 to 2009

2021 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-142
Author(s):  
Jordan A. Conwell
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
White Students ◽  
Test Score ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Parental Income ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Math Scores ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Math Test ◽  
Math Test Scores

In recent decades, the black–white test score disparity has decreased, and the test score disparity between children of high- versus low-income parents has increased. This study focuses on a comparison that has, to date, fallen between the separate literatures on these diverging trends: black and white students whose parents have similarly low, middle, or high incomes (i.e., same income or race within income). To do so, I draw on three nationally representative data sets on 9th or 10th graders, covering 1960 to 2009, that contain information on students’ math test scores. I find that math test score disparities between black and white students with same-income parents are to black students’ disadvantage. Although these disparities have decreased since 1960, in 2009 they remained substantively large, statistically significant, and largest between children of the highest-income parents. Furthermore, family and school characteristics that scholars commonly use to explain test score disparities by race or income account for markedly decreasing shares of race-within-income disparities over time. The study integrates the literatures on test score disparities by race and income with attention to the historical and continued structural influence of race, net of parental income, on students’ educational experiences and test score outcomes.

scholarly journals Rapid Increases in Overweight and Obesity Among South African Adolescents: Comparison of Data From the South African National Youth Risk Behaviour Survey in 2002 and 2008

2012 ◽  
Vol 102 (2) ◽  
pp. 262-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sasiragha P. Reddy ◽  
Ken Resnicow ◽  
Shamagonam James ◽  
Itumeleng N. Funani ◽  
Nilen S. Kambaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Risk Behaviour ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
The South

The Black-White Gap in Noncognitive Skills among Elementary School Children

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-132
Author(s):  
Todd Elder ◽  
Yuqing Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Black Students ◽  
White Students ◽  
Elementary School Children ◽  
Noncognitive Skills ◽  
White Children ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Skill Gaps ◽  
Teacher Reports ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Reference Bias

Using two nationally representative datasets, we find large differences between Black and White children in teacher-reported measures of noncognitive skills. We show that teacher reports understate true Black-White skill gaps because of reference bias: teachers appear to rate children relative to others in the same school, and Black students have lower-skilled classmates on average than do White students. We pursue three approaches to addressing these reference biases. Each approach nearly doubles the estimated Black-White gaps in noncognitive skills, to roughly 0.9 standard deviations in third grade. (JEL I21, I26, J13, J15, J24)

Black-White Differences in Job Preferences: 16 Years Later

1992 ◽  
Vol 71 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1087-1090 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles N. Weaver
Keyword(s):  
Black Men ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
White Male ◽  
Meaningful Work ◽  
Work Attitudes ◽  
Representative Data ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Job Preferences ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Many

Replication of an analysis of nationally representative data from 1973–1974 showed that 16 years later there have been no significant changes in the pattern of differences between what black and white male employees ( ns = 1500) say they want most in a job. In comparison to white employees, black men continued to be more likely to prefer high income and less likely to prefer meaningful work that gives a feeling of accomplishment. This result suggests that the many considerable government efforts in recent decades to affect the economic status of blacks have had little influence on this dimension of their work attitudes.

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