scholarly journals Donated breast milk substitutes and incidence of diarrhoea among infants and young children after the May 2006 earthquake in Yogyakarta and Central Java

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B Hipgrave ◽  
Fitsum Assefa ◽  
Anna Winoto ◽  
Sri Sukotjo
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Child Feeding ◽  
Powdered Milk ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Breast Milk Substitutes ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Infants And Young Children

AbstractObjectiveDistribution of breast milk substitutes (BMS) after the 2006 Yogyakarta earthquake was uncontrolled and widespread. We assessed the magnitude of BMS distribution after the earthquake, its impact on feeding practices and the association between consumption of infant formula and diarrhoea among infants and young children.DesignOne month after the earthquake, caregivers of 831 children aged 0–23 months were surveyed regarding receipt of unsolicited donations of BMS, and on recent child-feeding practices and diarrhoeal illness.SettingCommunity-level survey in an earthquake-affected district.SubjectsPrimary caregivers of surveyed children.ResultsIn all, 75 % of households with an infant aged 0–5 months and 80 % of all households surveyed received donated infant formula; 76 % of all households received commercial porridge and 49 % received powdered milk. Only 32 % of 0–5-month-old infants had consumed formula before the earthquake, but 43 % had in the 24 h preceding the survey (P< 0·001). Consumption of all types of BMS was significantly higher among those who received donated commodities, regardless of age (P< 0·01). One-week diarrhoea incidence among those who received donated infant formula (25·4 %) was higher than among those who did not (11·5 %; relative risk = 2·12, 95 % CI = 1·34, 3·35). The rate of diarrhoea among those aged 12–23 months was around five times the pre-earthquake rate.ConclusionsThere were strong associations between receipt of BMS and changes in feeding practices, and between receipt of infant formula and diarrhoea. Uncontrolled distribution of infant formula exacerbates the risk of diarrhoea among infants and young children in emergencies.

Marketing of commercial foods for infant and young children in Uruguay: Sugary products, health cues on packages and fun social products on Facebook

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Karageuzian ◽  
Leticia Vidal ◽  
Carolina de León ◽  
Alejandra Girona ◽  
Gastón Ares
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Visual Elements ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Breast Milk Substitutes ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Abstract Objective: To analyze the content of the marketing of commercial foods for infants and young children on packages and social media. Design: Commercial foods targeted at children, regarded as potential breast-milk-substitutes according to the Uruguayan breastfeeding standard, were considered: dairy products; teas, juices and bottled waters; glucose solutions; cereals and mixtures of fruits and vegetables. All the products sold at forty-four retail outlets were purchased. A Facebook search was performed to identify accounts of these products. For each account, all the content posted by the brands between July 2017 and July 2019 was recorded. The visual and textual information included in the packages and Facebook posts was analyzed using content analysis. Products were classified using the nutrient profile model of the Pan American Health Organization. Setting: Montevideo, Uruguay. Results: Seventy-six unique commercial foods targeted at infants and young children were identified, 96% of which were excessive in sugar. Packages frequently included textual and visual elements to convey health-related associations, including images of fruits and vegetables, nutrient content claims, and endorsement logos. Ten Facebook accounts were identified, which generated 302 posts. Parents and caregivers were the main target audience of the posts, which mainly included content related to fun and social aspects of food consumption. Additionally, the posts frequently conveyed the idea that products would contribute to children’s growth and development. Conclusions: Results suggest the need to implement comprehensive regulations on the marketing of commercial foods targeted at children, regarded as potential breast-milk-substitutes according to the Uruguayan breastfeeding standard.

Has Pakistan failed to ban the sale of formula milk?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Areeba Nakhuda ◽  
Emaan Amin ◽  
Sakina Abbas
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Support Groups ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Child Nutrition ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Formula Milk ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Breast Milk Substitutes ◽  
Milk Substitutes

According to a report published by WHO and UNICEF, countries continue to promote infant formula as a substitute for breast milk. (1) Out of 194 countries, 136 have adopted measures from the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk substitutes while 79 countries have banned the marketing of breast milk substitutes in hospitals. (1) Pakistan introduced a Protection of Breastfeeding and Child Nutrition Ordinance in October 2002 to restrict the promotion of infant formula milk. (2) The Ordinance prohibits the marketing of infant formula as a substitute for mother’s milk. (2) Healthcare workers are prohibited from accepting any gifts or samples from the formula milk companies, and they should promote breastfeeding. (2) Breastmilk improves nutrition and provides antibodies for protection against various diseases. (1) Babies should be exclusively breastfed for the first 6 months after which complementary food should be given along with breastfeeding up to 2 years of age. (1) Undernutrition is responsible for about half of the under 5 deaths as it increases the frequency and severity of common infections. (3) However, in Pakistan, 48% of infants are breastfed exclusively for 0-5 months and the under 5 mortality rate in Pakistan is 67.2 per 1000 live births. (4) Healthcare providers play a pivotal role in encouraging parents’ decision to breastfeed their child by regular counselling where they highlight the benefits and address any misconceptions. During the COVID19 pandemic, there has been a decline in counselling, skilled lactation and other services by healthcare providers to encourage breastfeeding practice. (1) Practices of social distancing have made community counselling and mother support groups for promotion of breastfeeding challenging, leaving a gap for formula milk companies to profit from the crisis and weaken the confidence in nursing. (1) A study in Pakistan revealed that 70.5% of the healthcare workers had no knowledge about the national breastfeeding law. As a result, formula milk companies continued to violate the ban on distributing free samples and gifts to the healthcare staff. (5) This calls for a strict re-enforcement of regulations in hospitals and conducting nationwide awareness campaigns via social media, television, newspapers to counter the marketing of breastmilk substitutes and promote breastfeeding.  Keeping in mind that the benefits of breastfeeding outweigh the risks associated with coronavirus, WHO and UNICEF have encouraged mothers to breastfeed during the COVID-19 pandemic as there is no substantial evidence that the virus can be transmitted via breastmilk. (1) Continuous....

scholarly journals Complementary Feeding Practices and Associated Factors Among Infants and Young Children 6–23 Months in Fort Portal Kabarole District Uganda (P11-049-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon Bagaaya ◽  
Henry Wamani ◽  
Richard Kajura
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Complementary Feeding ◽  
Dietary Diversity ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Child Feeding ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Abstract Objectives To determine the prevalence of appropriate complementary feeding practices and associated factors among infants and young children 6–23 months in Fort Portal municipality Kabarole Uganda Methods A community based cross sectional study was conducted among 206 mothers/caregivers of infants and young children 6–23 months using both quantitative and qualitative methods. Probability proportionate to population size technique was used to select study subjects. A pretested WHO standard questionnaire for measuring infant and young child feeding practices was adopted for assessing complementary feeding practices. Appropriate complementary feeding was defined as attaining both minimum meal frequency and minimum dietary diversity in the last 24 hours. Prevalence ratios and there 95% confidence intervals were generated. Modified poisson regression analysis method was used to generate factors associated with appropriate complementary feeding. Five focus group discussions were conducted to capture participants perceptions on appropriate complementary feeding practices. Results The prevalence of appropriate complementary feeding was 21.4%. Formal employment (PR: 7.05; CI:1.69-29.36), cohabiting (PR: 2.15; CI: 1.10-4.18) and having no child illness (PR: 1.85; CI: 0.88-4.35) were associated with appropriate complementary feeding. Qualitative results showed that inadequate information and low income as major challenges towards appropriate complementary feeding practices. Conclusions Appropriate complementary feeding practices were low. unless interventions such as; health services access and women entrepreneurship are put in place, the inappropriate complementary feeding practices are unlikely to change. Funding Sources Ministry of Health Uganda. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

scholarly journals Deficyty obowiązującej w prawie polskim regulacji w zakresie reklamy i innych technik marketingowych dotyczących produktów relewantnych dla ochrony karmienia piersią, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem preparatów do początkowego żywienia niemowląt. Zarys problematyki

2018 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 79-101
Author(s):  
Anna Koronkiewicz-Wiórek
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
International Code ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Special Regard ◽  
Infant Formulae ◽  
Who Code ◽  
Breast Milk Substitutes ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Legislative Changes ◽  
Infants And Young Children

THE REGULATORY DEFICIENCIES OF POLISH REGULATION CONCERNING ADVERTISEMENT AND OTHER MARKETING TECHNIQUES RELATING TO PRODUCTS RELEVANT TO PROTECTION OF BREASTFEEDING, WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO THE INFANT FORMULAE. AN OUTLINE OF THE ISSUESThe aim of this article is to draw attention to the regulatory deficiencies of Polish regulation concerning advertisement and other marketing techniques related to products relevant to protection of breastfeeding, with special regard to infant formulas, and the evaluation of its effectiveness for breastfeeding protection. This regulation is non-transparent, heterogeneous and to a great extent unclear. It is also ineffective and insufficient for the protection of breastfeeding. It is much less rigorous than the standard established by the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes i.e. WHO Code. The main conclusion is that irrespective of the need for improvement of the promotion of breastfeeding, including lactation education of medical staff and parents, legislative changes are necessary in the field of the marketing of food intended for infants and young children, feeding bottles and teats. The best solution would be the full implementation of the WHO Code including subsequent WHA resolutions.

scholarly journals The Politics of Regulating Foods for Infants and Young Children: A Case Study on the Framing and Contestation of Codex Standard-Setting Processes on Breast-Milk Substitutes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monique Boatwright ◽  
Mark Lawrence ◽  
Cherie Russell ◽  
Katheryn Russ ◽  
David McCoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Standard Setting ◽  
Food Standards ◽  
Breast Milk Substitutes ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Codex Standard ◽  
Infants And Young Children

Background: Breastfeeding is important for the health and development of the child, and for maternal health, in all country contexts. However, global sales of breast-milk substitutes (BMS), including infant, follow-up and toddler formulas, have ‘boomed’ in recent decades. This raises the importance of international food standards established by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex) on the safety, composition and labelling of BMS. Such standards appear to be strongly contested by governments, industry and civil society groups, yet few studies have investigated the politics of Codex standard-setting processes. The aim of this paper is to understand who participates in decision-making, and how actors frame and contest proposals to revise the Codex Standard on Follow-up Formula (FUF). Methods: We adopted a case study design involving two steps. First, we enumerated government, industry, civil society, and international organization stakeholders participating in standard-setting processes of the Codex Committee on Nutrition and Foods for Special Dietary Uses (CCNFSDU). Second, we conducted a framing analysis of stakeholder inputs during the FUF standard revision in CCNFSDU meetings. Publicly available online meeting reports (2015-2019) were retrieved, analyzed using a theoretical framework, and organized thematically. Results: High-income country (HIC) delegates greatly outnumbered those from other country income categories. Industry representation was higher compared with other observer categories Member state delegations included more industry representation than civil society representation, and were occasionally the only member state delegates. Industry stakeholders framed arguments in terms of trade implications, science, and flexible standards. Civil society groups used public health, science, and pro-breastfeeding frames. Conclusion: Codex BMS standard-setting procedures are dominated by HICs and industry groups. Limited representation of civil society, and of middle- and low-income countries, suggest actions are needed to substantially increase support for their involvement at Codex. Such representation may help to counteract power asymmetries and commercial influences on food standards for infants and young children.

RESPONSE BY NESTLE TO THE WHO CODE ON BREAST-MILK SUBSTITUTES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 707-707
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
General Public ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Media Analysis ◽  
International Code ◽  
Written Information ◽  
Who Code ◽  
Breast Milk Substitutes ◽  
Milk Substitutes

The Nestle Group has prepared written instructions (dated February, 1982) for its employees on the implementation of the W.H.O. International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes. . . . The instructions appear in parallel with the relevant sections of the code, and the comparisons thus offered raise some doubts about the purity of Nestle's intentions. Article 2 of the international code, for instance, states that it covers all breast-milk substitutes, including complementary foods. Nestle has limited its applicability to infant formula alone, exempting its weaning cereals and canned milks, which are often marketed as early supplements to breast milk. Concerning the circulation of informational and educational material to pregnant women and mothers of young children, Nestle says: "Information intended for mothers. . . may bear corporate and product brand (packshot permitted)." Is this really within the terms of the code? Another requirement of the code disregarded by Nestle, is the inclusion in any such material of a warning of the health hazards of the improper use of infant formula. Article 5 of the W.H.O. code states that "There should be no advertising or other forms of promotion to the general public of products within the scope of this Code." Nestle has written: "Information relating to specific brands of infant formula must not be communicated directly to mothers or to the general public." Conceivably, such a statement could permit generic infant formula advertising in the mass media. Analysis of Nestle's guidelines discloses ways in which they might be used to circumvent various parts of the international code, such as the code's stipulations on free samples to health workers and free supplies to institutions.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document