Analysis of The Relationship of Information Media and Knowledge With Formula Feeding In Babies Aged 6-24 Months

Mothers certainly know that the main intake for babies is breast milk. However, in some cases, babies are forced to be fed infant formula to replace breast milk if according to medical indications and on the advice of medical personnel. Always consult a medical professional for the use of infant formula. Although the content is different from breast milk, now infant formula has been formulated with various kinds of nutrients that are good for baby's growth and development. For this reason, so that babies get adequate nutrition for their growth and development, the dose of baby's milk must be adjusted to their age and weight. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors associated with formula feeding in infants aged 0-6 months. The research method used in this study is a cross sectional survey method. The population in this study were all mothers who had babies 0-6 months totaling 34 people. Samples were taken by total sampling, that is, the entire population was sampled. The results of this study prove that there is a relationship between information media, education, work and knowledge with the provision of formula milk to infants aged 0-6 months at the Rengas Health Center in 2019.

Method modified AOAC 2015.01 in the microwave conditions and the addition of HCl during sample digestion for simultaneous Pb, Cd, Hg, and As in infant formula using ICP-MS: a method validation

The presence of heavy metals in infant formula has become a global concern. The most common method to determine heavy metals is AAS. However, as this technique is lacking in several aspects, including the instrument’s low sensitivity, a more sensitive instrument such as ICP-MS is necessary. The Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICPMS) was used in accordance with the standard method AOAC 2015.01 with modifications on the microwave condition and the addition of hydrochloric acid (HCl) during the sample digestion process. The modified standard method requires a validation process. This research aimed to validate the method of analysis for the determination of Pb, Cd, Hg, As in infant formula using ICP-MS and its application in formula milk. This research consists of five stages: 1) instrumental performance; 2) homogeneity test; 3) method orientation; 4) method validation; and 5) the application of the validated method to other products. The findings in the research were: the method linearity was confirmed at working concentration 5-30 µg/kg for all the heavy metals with R2 value of nearly 1,000; the method limits of detection (LOD) were 0.74 µg/kg (Pb), 0.41 µg/kg (Cd), 0.08 µg/kg (Hg), 0.50 µg/kg (As), while the method’s limits of quantification (LOQ) were 2.48 µg/kg (Pb), 1.36 µg/kg (Cd), 0.27 µg/kg (Hg), 1.67 µg/kg (As); the method was found precise with Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) below 2/3 RSD Horwitz and all the recovery values were found to fall within the acceptable range (60–115%); the % RSD intra-lab reproducibility was below RSD Horwitz; and the method was robust, indicating that it was unaffected by small changes in its variables. The validated method can be applied routinely to determine heavy metals in infant formula and formula milk.

Rooming in and Breast Feeding Practices and Rate of Horizontal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Virus in 5 UAE Hospitals—An Observational Study

Objectives: To assess risks of mother to child horizontal transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus during rooming in and breastfeeding in infants born to mothers with the coronavirus (COVID-19) disease. Design: Retrospective observational study. Participants: Five tertiary care centers located in the United Arab Emirates. Infants born to mothers positive for SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at the time of delivery, born between April 1 and October 30, 2020. Methods: In this retrospective observational study, we analyzed the newborn care practices in various tertiary care hospitals and the rate of horizontal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from mother to infant (horizontal) while rooming in, breastfeeding, and post-discharge. Results: There were total of 2,405 deliveries in the 5 stated hospitals of which 40 infants were born to mothers with positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR at the time of delivery. One infant tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 after birth at 24 h of life and had respiratory symptoms and fever. Twenty-three of the well infants were roomed in during their hospital stay and were breastfed. In 8 cases, the mother and baby were separated and isolated from the time of birth till discharge. 95% of the discharged infants were rooming in with mothers, 45% of the infants were exclusively breastfed, and 55% were on mixed feeding (breast milk and formula milk) at the follow-up. None of the infants developed significant health issues or symptoms attributable to SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion: The risk of mother to infant horizontal transmission of COVID-19 in the perinatal period is very low. Our study reaffirms the American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines that rooming in and breastfeeding of newborns born to SARS-CoV-2 positive mothers is safe without an increased risk of horizontal transmission by following mandated safety precautions.

Development of Encapsulation Strategies and Composite Edible Films to Maintain Lactoferrin Bioactivity: A Review

Lactoferrin (LF) is a whey protein with various and valuable biological activities. For this reason, LF has been used as a supplement in formula milk and functional products. However, it must be considered that the properties of LF can be affected by technological treatments and gastrointestinal conditions. In this article, we have revised the literature published on the research done during the last decades on the development of various technologies, such as encapsulation or composite materials, to protect LF and avoid its degradation. Multiple compounds can be used to conduct this protective function, such as proteins, including those from milk, or polysaccharides, like alginate or chitosan. Furthermore, LF can be used as a component in complexes, nanoparticles, hydrogels and emulsions, to encapsulate, protect and deliver other bioactive compounds, such as essential oils or probiotics. Additionally, LF can be part of systems to deliver drugs or to apply certain therapies to target cells expressing LF receptors. These systems also allow improving the detection of gliomas and have also been used for treating some pathologies, such as different types of tumours. Finally, the application of LF in edible and active films can be effective against some contaminants and limit the increase of the natural microbiota present in meat, for example, becoming one of the most interesting research topics in food technology.

Pengaruh ASI Eksklusif dan Susu Formula terhadap Berat Badan Bayi

The first and main nutrient intake of breastfed infants is urgently needed for the process of growth and development. The purpose of this is to find out the influence of exclusive breast milk and formula on the baby's weight in Posyandu Jatipayak Village Modo-Lamongan. This study uses an observational design of case-control analytic approach that aims to distinguish weight infants at age 1-6 months of exclusive breastfeeding and infant formula. The research instrument was used in the form of interviews and observations with a population of all infants aged 1 – 6 months who qualify for inclusion criteria who were 30 toddlers and using a simple random sampling technique. Results of research that babies who are breastfed exclusively have the majority of normal weight increase of 60%, whereas infants who received formula milk most have an abnormal weight gain of 86.67%. Based on the results of Chi-Square X² = 5.167> 3.841. This study rejects the Ho that proves that there are differences in body weight in infants aged 1-6 months of exclusive breastfeeding and infant formula. The result of this research is expected mothers to provide breast milk as the best food for babies up to age 6 months.

Feeding practices and early weaning in the neonatal period: a cohort study

OBJECTIVE To describe feeding practices and the risk factors for the mixed breastfeeding and early weaning in the neonatal period. METHODS Cohort study, which we collected socioeconomic, demographic, health care and feeding data from 415 mother/child binomials born in four public maternity hospitals in Natal/Brazil. They were followed-up at 48 hours, 7 and 28 days after birth. The association was established using Pearson’s Chi-square test and Poisson’s regression, after adjusting it to other variables. RESULTS The prevalence of mixed breastfeeding in the first 2 days was 47,2% and early weaning in 7 and 28 days was 8,4% and 16,2% in that order. The main reasons for mixed breastfeeding and early weaning were: colostrum deficiency (33.8%), difficulty in latching/sucking (23.5%) and “little milk” (70.0%). The use of formula/milk/porridge remained associated with maternal age ≤ 20 years (RR = 0.64; 95%CI: 0.47–0.86), age 20–29 years (RR = 0,70; 95%CI: 0,57–0,87), primiparity (RR = 1.37; 95%CI: 1.11–1.60) and cesarean delivery (RR = 1.20; 95%CI: 1.00–1.45) at 2 days; absence of paternal support (RR = 4.98; 95%CI: 2.54–9.79) and pacifier use (RR = 3.21; 95%CI: 1.63–6.32) at 7 days; and only pacifier use (RR = 2.48; 95%CI: 1.53–4.02) at 28 days. CONCLUSIONS Early weaning was associated with maternal and health care factors, thus suggesting the need to readjust good practices and educational actions to achieve the exclusive offer to the maternal breast in the neonatal period.

Diversification of a fucosyllactose transporter within the genus Bifidobacterium

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which are natural bifidogenic prebiotics, were recently commercialized to fortify formula milk. However, HMO-assimilation phenotypes of bifidobacteria vary by species and strain, which has not been fully linked to strain genotype. We have recently shown that specialized uptake systems, particularly for the internalization of major HMOs (fucosyllactose (FL)), are associated with the formation of a bifidobacteria-rich gut microbial community. Phylogenetic analysis has revealed that FL transporters have diversified into two clades harboring four clusters within the Bifidobacterium genus, but the underpinning functional diversity associated with this divergence remains underexplored. In this study, we examined the HMO-consumption phenotypes of two bifidobacterial species, Bifidobacterium catenulatum subspecies kashiwanohense and Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum , which both possess FL binding proteins that belong to phylogenetic clusters with unknown specificities. Growth assays, heterologous gene expression experiments, and HMO-consumption analysis showed that the FL transporter type from B. catenulatum subspecies kashiwanohense JCM 15439 T conferred a novel HMO-uptake pattern that includes the complex fucosylated HMOs (lacto- N- fucopentaose II and lacto- N- difucohexaose I/II). Further genomic landscape analyses of FL transporter-positive bifidobacterial strains revealed that H-antigen or Lewis antigen-specific fucosidase gene(s) and FL transporter specificities were largely aligned. These results suggest that bifidobacteria have acquired FL transporters along with the corresponding gene sets necessary to utilize the imported HMOs. Our results provide insight into the species- and strain-dependent adaptation strategies of bifidobacteria to HMO-rich environments. Importance The gut of breastfed infants is generally dominated by health-promoting bifidobacteria. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) from breastmilk selectively promote the growth of specific taxa such as bifidobacteria, thus forming an HMO-mediated, host-microbe symbiosis. While the co-evolution of humans and bifidobacteria has been proposed, the underpinning adaptive strategies employed by bifidobacteria require further research. Here, we analyzed the divergence of the critical fucosyllactose (FL) HMO transporter within Bifidobacterium . We have shown that the diversification of the solute-binding proteins of the FL-transporter led to uptake specificities of fucosylated sugars ranging from simple trisaccharides to complex hexasaccharides. This transporter and the congruent acquisition of the necessary intracellular enzymes allows for bifidobacteria to import different types of HMOs in a predictable and strain-dependent manner. These findings explain the adaptation and proliferation of bifidobacteria in the competitive and HMO-rich infant gut environment and enable accurate specificity annotation of transporters from metagenomic data.

Description of Exclusive Breastfeeding to Babies in Java Island

Exclusive breastfeeding is that babies are only given breast milk, without the addition of other liquids such as formula milk, orange juice, honey, tea water, water, and without the addition of solid foods such as bananas, papaya, milk porridge, biscuits, rice porridge, and the team, as long as 6 months from the date of birth. Data from the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2016 still shows that the average rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the world is only around 38%. This study aims to determine the description of exclusive breastfeeding in infants in Java. Qualitative research using a descriptive observational study design that is conducting in-depth interviews with 4 informants which are by the interview guidelines. The results showed that the mother's age can affect the exclusive breastfeeding for the baby because the younger mother will produce more milk than the older mother. While the knowledge variable shows the results that mothers who have high knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding have a 20.8 times chance compared to mothers who have low knowledge. The existence of family support can also increase the mother's confidence in breastfeeding and the support from health workers can increase knowledge and motivate mothers to give exclusive breastfeeding. Based on this, we can say that breast milk is a perfect food that contains various nutrients that are needed by the body of living beings so that the body's metabolism can run smoothly and the development of the body goes well.